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2019\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u7403\u4ee5\u56fd\u9632\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u667a\u5e93\u6392\u884c\u699c\u4e0a\u5171\u6709110\u5bb6\u667a\u5e93\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5370\u5ea64\u5bb6\u667a\u5e93\u4e0a\u699c\uff0c\u800c\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u699c\u4e0a\u6709\u540d\u7684\u662f\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c31\u540d\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u548c\u7b2c33\u540d\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9632\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u6240\u3002\u4ee5\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u88681\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u4e0d\u542b\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u5185\u7684\u667a\u5e93\u4e2d\u540d\u5217\u7b2c15\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u542b\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u5185\u7684\u667a\u5e93\u6392\u540d\u4e3a\u7b2c27\u4f4d\uff0c\u572898\u4e2a\u4e9a\u6d32\u5927\u56fd\u9876\u7ea7\u667a\u5e93\u6392\u540d\u4e2d\u66f4\u662f\u9ad8\u5c45\u7b2c3\u4f4d\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u9a84\u4eba\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6210\u7ee9\u66f4\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u5176\u51fa\u4f17\u7684\u5355\u9879\u6210\u7ee9\u3002<\/p>\n<p 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Dialogue\uff09\uff0c\u73b0\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u667a\u5e93\u6700\u9ad8\u89c4\u683c\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c2019\u5e74\u5728\u5168\u740365\u4e2a\u9ad8\u7aef\u667a\u5e93\u8bba\u575b\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c7\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">2\u3001\u5bf9\u4f18\u52bf\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u89e3\u5370\u5ea6\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u5373\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u667a\u5e93\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5176\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0a\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5982\u4f55\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u539f\u7248\u4e2d\u6587\u6587\u732e\u505a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5bfc\u81f4\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5185\u90e8\u51fa\u73b0\u4e25\u91cd\u5206\u6b67\uff1f\u201c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u8005\u81ea\u6043\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u539f\u7248\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u6587\u732e\u800c\u8d2c\u4f4e\u5bf9\u65b9\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u8005\u5219\u56e0\u66f4\u770b\u91cd\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u8303\u5f0f\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u800c\u81ea\u50b2\u3002\u201d2003\u5e74\uff0c\u65f6\u4efb\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u7b56\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4efb\u7684\u83ab\u6c49\u00b7\u53e4\u9c81\u65af\u74e6\u7c73\uff08Mohan Guruswamy\uff09\u4e0e\u4eba\u5408\u64b0\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u80fd\u8ffd\u8d76\u4e0a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5417\u300b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5370\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5dee\u8ddd\u5c06\u4f1a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8d28\u7591\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u5c06\u5f88\u5feb\u8ffd\u8d76\u4e0a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">2009\u5e74\uff0c\u53e4\u9c81\u65af\u74e6\u7c73\u5728\u300a\u8ffd\u9f99\uff1a\u5370\u5ea6\u80fd\u5426\u8d76\u8d85\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\u4e2d\u7ee7\u7eed\u9610\u53d1\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5584\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u73b0\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u5927\u90fd\u8ba2\u9605\uff08\u6216\u5728\u7ebf\u6d4f\u89c8\uff09\u5305\u62ecChina Daily\uff08\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u82f1\u6587\u7248\uff09\u5728\u5185\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u62a5\u520a\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u89c2\u70b9\u6458\u7f16\uff0c\u4f46\u82e5\u8981\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d89\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u91cf\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e13\u9898\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5219\u8981\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730\u63a5\u89e6\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u6587\u6587\u732e\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u679c\u624d\u80fd\u7ecf\u5f97\u8d77\u5b66\u672f\u68c0\u9a8c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b26\u5408\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ece\u4e8b\u56fd\u9632\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u5916\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u667a\u5e93\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5176\u6210\u679c\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca6\u4e3a\u8bba\u8bc1\u672c\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u5408\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u667a\u5e93\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u4f17\u5305\u62ec\u7f51\u6c11\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u60c5\u7eea\u8fdb\u884c\u5f15\u5bfc\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u4f1a\u4f7f\u672c\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u8206\u8bba\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u5236\u5b9a\u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u56de\u65cb\u4f59\u5730\u51cf\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8ba9\u5370\u4e2d\u5173\u7cfb\u80cc\u4e0a\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u5305\u88b1\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4e8c\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u9876\u7ea7\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u4eba\u5458\u6784\u6210\u7684\u201c\u65cb\u8f6c\u95e8\u201d\uff08Revolving Door\uff09\u73b0\u8c61\u5b98\u65b9\u5916\u4ea4\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\uff0c\u667a\u5e93\u5916\u4ea4\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e8c\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\uff0c\u800c\u6c11\u95f4\u5916\u4ea4\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e09\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u519b\u961f\u5c06\u9886\u7b49\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4e09\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u9ad8\u6821\u5e08\u751f\u3001\u5de5\u5546\u4e1a\u4e3b\u3001\u8bb0\u8005\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u4e8c\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u5219\u662f\u5438\u7eb3\u5305\u62ec\u5378\u4efb\uff08\u9000\u5f79)\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u4ece\u4e09\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u6d41\u8f6c\u8fc7\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u6784\u6210\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u65cb\u8f6c\u95e8\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5370\u5ea6\u9876\u7ea7\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u6784\u6210\u7531\u88681\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u622a\u81f32019\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u9876\u7ea7\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u4e2d\u4eba\u6570\u6700\u591a\u7684\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08120\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u6570\u6700\u5c11\u7684\u662f\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u5e73\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0810\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4eba\u6570\u52a8\u8f84\u4e0a\u5343\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u667a\u5e93\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ece\u5168\u7403\u667a\u5e93\u7684\u6392\u540d\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5370\u5ea6\u667a\u5e93\u5219\u662f\u6295\u5165\u4ea7\u51fa\u6bd4\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u667a\u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1\u3001\u4ece\u5468\u4e09\u4f8b\u4f1a\u5185\u5bb9\u770b\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f1969\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u5fb7\u91cc\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Delhi\uff09\u3001\u8d3e\u74e6\u54c8\u62c9\u5c14\u00b7\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\uff08Jawaharlal Nehru University\uff09\u548c\u56fd\u9632\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u5b66\u9662\uff08Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u524d\u9a7b\u534e\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b0\u5fb7\u91cc\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u4eba\u53d1\u8d77\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff08China Study Group\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6bcf\u5468\u4e09\u4e0b\u5348\u7684\u4f8b\u4f1a\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u51b2\u7a81\u540e\u4e24\u56fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u50f5\u5c40\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u4f1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\u6ce8\u518c\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u540e\u4e5f\u4ece\u672a\u4e2d\u65ad\u8fc7\uff08\u9ad8\u6821\u5047\u671f\u9664\u5916\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u622a\u81f32019\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5b98\u7f51\u663e\u793a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f\u540d\u5355\u4e2d\u670996\u4eba\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u6784\u6210\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u540d\u8a89\u7814\u7a76\u54585\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u5fb7\u91cc\u5927\u5b66\u6c49\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u7684\u8c2d\u4e2d\u4e0e\u9ec4\u6f2a\u6dd1\u592b\u5987\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca3\u540d\u5378\u4efb\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\uff0c\u5373\u5370\u5ea6\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u4efb\u5609\u5fb7\uff08Ranganathan\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u9a7b\u53e4\u5df4\u7b49\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u5eb7\u5357\uff08Khanna\uff09\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u9a7b\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u7b49\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u57fa\u5c71\u00b7\u62c9\u7eb3\uff08Kishan Rana\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c2014\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u5eb7\u7279\uff08Kantha\uff09\u5378\u4efb\u540e\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u957f\u4e00\u804c\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8363\u8a89\u7814\u7a76\u545814\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u505a\u51fa\u7a81\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6234\u8f9b\u683c\uff08Giri Deshingkar\uff09\u3001\u767d\u871c\u96c5\uff08Mira Sinha Bhattaeharjea\uff09\u3001\u739b\u59b2\u7389\uff08Madhavi Thampi\uff09\u3001 \u83ab\u6c49\u8482\uff08Manoranjan Mohanty\uff09\u3001\u90b5\u8446\u4e3d (Sabaree Mitra) \u4ee5\u53ca\u72c4\u4f2f\u6770 (Deepak) \u7b49\u3002\u517c\u804c\u7814\u7a76\u545828\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9645\u5927\u5b66\uff08Visva Bharati University\uff09\u3001\u74e6\u62c9\u814a\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5927\u5b66\uff08Varanasi Hindu University\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b5f\u4e70\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Mumbai\uff09\u7b49\u5168\u5370\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e2d\u6587\u6559\u5b66\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4eba\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5458\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5404\u5730\u9ad8\u6821\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5168\u5370\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u5e74\u4f1a\uff08All-India Conference of China Studies\uff09\u80fd\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9ad8\u6821\u8f6e\u6d41\u4e3e\u529e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u5728\u6821\u5b66\u751f\u5173\u6ce8\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6c1b\u56f4\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u5305\u62ec\u9a7b\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u54588\u4eba\u3001\u524d\u4efb\u7814\u7a76\u545835\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bbf\u95ee\u7814\u7a76\u54586\u4eba\u30022\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u519b\u65b9\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u5f15\u5165\u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u4eba\u5458\uff08\u5916\u8111\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f1965\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9632\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u6240\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u56fd\u9632\u653f\u7b56\u89c1\u957f\u7684\u519b\u65b9\u667a\u5e93\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u5168\u5370\u7b2c\u4e00\u56fd\u9632\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u6218\u7565\u667a\u5e93\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5168\u7403\u7684\u9876\u7ea7\u667a\u5e93\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u57282019\u5e74\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5168\u7403\u9876\u7ea7\u667a\u5e93\u699c\u5355\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c37\u540d\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u9664\u4e86\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u73b0\u5f79\u519b\u4eba\u548c\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u7684\u6587\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u5916\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9632\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5206\u6790\u6240\u8fd8\u8058\u7528\u5370\u5ea6\u9ad8\u6821\u6bd5\u4e1a\u7684\u535a\u58eb\uff08\u5916\u8111\uff09\u4ece\u4e8b\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5916\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u4e13\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1992\u20142001\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u74e6\u5170\u00b7\u8f9b\u683c\uff08Swaran Singh\uff09\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9632\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u519b\u5907\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u88c1\u519b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c10\u5e74\u540e\u8fdb\u5165\u8d3e\u74e6\u54c8\u62c9\u5c14\u00b7\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u4efb\u6559\u30021995\u5e74\uff0c\u8c22\u521a\uff08Srikanth Kondapalli\uff09\u83b7\u5f97\u8d3e\u74e6\u54c8\u62c9\u5c14\u00b7\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c1999-2006\u5e74\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9632\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u6240\u62c5\u4efb\u4e2d\u5370\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff0c2010\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u56e0\u5728\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5353\u8d8a\u7814\u7a76\u83b7\u5f97\u82cf\u5e03\u62c9\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u59c6\u5956\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5370\u5ea6\u9876\u7ea7\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u4eba\u5458\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5355\u5411\u201c\u65cb\u8f6c\u95e8\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\u7f8e\u5f0f\u653f\u6cbb\u628a\u4e00\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u3001\u4e8c\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0e\u4e09\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u4e4b\u95f4\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u8f6c\u6362\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u65cb\u8f6c\u95e8\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u6362\u5177\u6709\u591a\u5411\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u9006\u6027\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u667a\u5e93\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u6784\u6210\u4e2d\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u5355\u5411\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u9664\u4e86\u519b\u65b9\u667a\u5e93\u5916\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u8f68\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u4e8c\u8f68\u548c\u4e09\u8f68\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u4e09\u8f68\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u4e00\u8f68\u548c\u4e8c\u8f68\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e8c\u8f68\u7684\u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u667a\u5e93\u4eba\u5458\u4e0d\u80fd\u8f6c\u81f3\u4e00\u8f68\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u670d\u5f79\u5c06\u9886\u90fd\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u804c\u6570\u6216\u8005\u5e74\u9f84\u9650\u5236\uff08\u5bf9\u519b\u961f\u670d\u5f79\u4eba\u5458\u6765\u8bf4\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff09\u30021\u3001\u4ece\u4e09\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u5230\u4e8c\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5a92\u4f53\u4eba\u5370\u5ea6\u9876\u7ea7\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u7c73\u4ec0\u62c9\uff08Mishra\uff09\u662f\u300a\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u300b\u7684\u8d44\u6df1\u8bb0\u8005\uff1b\u8d44\u6df1\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u9a6c\u8bfa\u4f0a\u00b7\u4e54\u897f\uff08Manoj Joshi\uff09\u670930\u5e74\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u4ece\u4e1a\u7ecf\u5386\uff1b\u739b\u96c5\u00b7\u7c73\u5c14\u94b1\u8fbe\u5c3c\uff08Maya Mirchandani\uff09\u65e2\u662f\u667a\u6df1\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e13\u680f\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff1b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\u548c\u4e13\u680f\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u963f\u8096\u514b\u00b7\u9a6c\u5229\u514b\uff08Ashok Malik\uff09\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff1b\u62c9\u8d3e\u00b7\u83ab\u6c49\uff08Raja Mohan\uff09\u662f\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u5b63\u520a\u300b\u548c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u59d4\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u3001\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\u62a5\u300b\u5916\u4ea4\u680f\u76ee\u7f16\u8f91\u4ee5\u53ca\u9a7b\u534e\u76db\u987f\u8bb0\u8005\u3001\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u5feb\u62a5\u300b\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u680f\u76ee\u7279\u7ea6\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u4e13\u680f\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u66fe\u5148\u540e\u53d7\u8058\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u548c\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u5e73\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u8457\u540d\u667a\u5e93\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c1973\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08Indian Council of Social Science Research\uff09\u8ba4\u53ef\u548c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c2019\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5168\u7403\u9876\u7ea7\u667a\u5e93\u699c\u5355\u4e2d\u540d\u5217\u7b2c175\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u3001\u5370\u3001\u65e5\u3001\u97e9\u4e9a\u6d32\u5927\u56fd\u9876\u7ea7\u667a\u5e93\u699c\u5355\u4e2d\u540d\u5217\u7b2c13\u4f4d\u3002\u622a\u81f32019\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u753180\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e03\u62c9\u739b\u00b7\u5207\u62c9\u5c3c\uff08Brahma Chellaney\uff09\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u9876\u7ea7\u6218\u7565\u5bb6\u548c\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u4e09\u5927\u9e70\u6d3e\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\u3002\u5176\u57282011\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\uff1a\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u65b0\u6218\u573a\u300b\u4e2d\u79f0\uff0c\u4e2d\u5370\u672a\u6765\u5fc5\u5c06\u7206\u53d1\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u6218\u4e89\uff0c2012\u5e74\u8be5\u4e66\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e9a\u6d32\u534f\u4f1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u7c7b\u5b66\u672f\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u56fe\u4e66\u5956\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">2017\u5e74\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u5176\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u503a\u6743\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u7f8e\u667a\u5e93\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5a01\u80c1\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u30022\u3001\u5728\u4e8c\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u548c\u4e09\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u4e2d\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u5370\u88d4\u4eba\u58eb\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u667a\u5e93\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4e8c\u8f68\u5916\u4ea4\u4e2d\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u4eba\u7269\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u667a\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u4e00\u822c\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u5230\u8d44\u6df1\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff0c\u4ece\u8d44\u6df1\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u5230\u51fa\u4efb\u4e3b\u4efb\u6216\u6240\u957f\u4e00\u804c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7531\u4e45\u8d1f\u76db\u540d\u7684\u8001\u724c\u667a\u5e93\u5230\u56fd\u9645\u667a\u5e93\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u5fc3\u62c5\u4efb\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u7b49\u30022008\u5e74\uff0c\u90d1\u5609\u5bbe\uff08Jabin T Jacob\uff09\u83b7\u5f97\u8d3e\u74e6\u54c8\u62c9\u5c14\u00b7\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u4e2d\u5370\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u4e8e2005\u5e74\u548c2009\u5e74\u4e24\u5ea6\u524d\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c2013\u5e74\u53c2\u52a0\u6cd5\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b66\u8005\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u81ea2007\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u90d1\u5609\u5bbe\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u51b2\u7a81\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u62c5\u4efb\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff1b2013\u5e74\uff0c\u90d1\u5609\u5bbe\u6210\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u5e76\u517c\u4efb\u52a9\u7406\u4e3b\u4efb\u4e00\u804c\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u62c5\u4efb\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8ff0\u8bc4\u300b\uff08China Report\uff09\u7684\u52a9\u7406\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u526f\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1b\u4ece2019\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u90d1\u5609\u5bbe\u6210\u4e3a\u5e0c\u592b\u00b7\u90a3\u8fbe\u5927\u5b66\uff08Shiv Nadar University\uff09\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u6cbb\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7cfb\u7684\u526f\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u65b0\u5fb7\u91cc\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d77\u4e8b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4ece\u4e8b\u517c\u804c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5357\u4e9a\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u5927\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u519b\u5907\u63a7\u5236\u95ee\u9898\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u62c9\u8d3e\u00b7\u83ab\u6c49\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u5148\u540e\u4efb\u804c\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9632\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5206\u6790\u6240\u7b49\u9876\u7ea7\u667a\u5e93\u3002\u57282009\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5176\u8fd8\u62c5\u4efb\u8d3e\u74e6\u54c8\u62c9\u5c14\u00b7\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff08National University of Singapore\uff09\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u5ba2\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">2001\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u8bae\u4f1a\u6cd5\u6848\u5c06\u5176\u5217\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u70b9\u673a\u6784\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7531\u5370\u5ea6\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u62c5\u4efb\u7406\u4e8b\u957f\uff0c\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u957f\u51fa\u4efb\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u5378\u4efb\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u4e5f\u4efb\u804c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u9000\u4f11\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u4e4b\u5bb6\u201d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u7406\u4e8b\u957f\u63d0\u9c81\u9a6c\u62c9\u00b7\u62c9\u52a0\u4e07\uff08Tirumallai Raghavan\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u7684\u5378\u4efb\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u66f4\u4e86\u89e3\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u9886\u57df\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u5f3a\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u9886\u57df\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u667a\u5e93\u4f1a\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u9700\u6c42\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u95f4\u627e\u5230\u5951\u5408\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c31\u70ed\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u524d\u77bb\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u5f80\u5f80\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u667a\u529b\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c2012\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee5\u8428\u4ec1\u5c71\uff08Shyam Saran\uff09\u3001\u62c9\u5409\u592b\u00b7\u5e93\u9a6c\uff08Rajiv Kumar\uff09\u3001\u6bd4\u8d1d\u514b\u00b7\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u4f0a\uff08Bibek Debroy\uff09 \u548c\u65af\u745e\u7eb3\u65af\u00b7\u62c9\u683c\u4e07\uff08Srinath Raghavan\uff09\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u8d77\u8349\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u5916\u4ea4\u754c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u62a5\u544a\u300a\u4e0d\u7ed3\u76df2.0\uff1a21\u4e16\u7eaa\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0e\u6218\u7565\u653f\u7b56\u300b\u3002\u5728\u300a2019\u5e74\u5168\u7403\u667a\u5e93\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u653f\u7b56\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u667a\u5e93\u4e2d\uff08\u517183\u4e2a\uff09\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u540d\u5217\u7b2c48\u4f4d\uff0c\u91d1\u5948\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u540d\u5217\u7b2c72\u4f4d\u3002\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u667a\u5e93\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u5efa\u7acb\u7d27\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63d0\u5347\u667a\u5e93\u5730\u4f4d\u53ca\u63d0\u9ad8\u81ea\u8eab\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5341\u5206\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u667a\u5e93\u4f1a\u5c3d\u529b\u7ef4\u6301\u597d\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u826f\u597d\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u5931\u8bef\u80cc\u9505\u9876\u7f6a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u6321\u7bad\u724c\u548c\u201c\u66ff\u7f6a\u7f8a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4e2d\u5370\u5173\u7cfb\u6b63\u5e38\u5316\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u519b\u961f\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5173\u6ce8\u4e2d\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u5916\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5de5\u5546\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u5370\u4e2d\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6bd4\u62c9\u8d22\u56e2\u3001\u5854\u5854\u96c6\u56e2\uff08Tata Iron and Steel Company\uff09\u3001\u4fe1\u8bda\u5b9e\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u9a6c\u4ea8\u5fb7\u62c9\u96c6\u56e2\u5f00\u59cb\u7b79\u5efa\u65b0\u667a\u5e93\u6216\u8005\u5411\u539f\u6709\u667a\u5e93\u6ce8\u8d44\uff1b\u800c\u57282010\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u624d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6797\u5b66\u4f1a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u5e73\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u5fc3\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5de5\u5546\u4e1a\u4e3b\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u50cf\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u90a3\u79cd\u7531\u79c1\u4eba\u5bb6\u65cf\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u667a\u5e93\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5176\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u591a\u6e20\u9053\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1990\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7531\u963f\u73ed\u5c3c\uff08Ambani\uff09\u5bb6\u65cf\u521b\u7acb\uff0c\u76f4\u52302009\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a95%\u7684\u9884\u7b97\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u963f\u73ed\u5c3c\u5bb6\u65cf\u65d7\u4e0b\u7684\u4fe1\u8bda\u5b9e\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0b\u964d\u4e3a65%\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5f00\u59cb\u63a5\u53d7\u6765\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u56fd\u5916\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u6e20\u9053\u7b79\u63aa\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u667a\u5e93\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u548c\u8f83\u9ad8\u6c34\u51c6\u3002\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5370\u5ea6\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u53cc\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u8def\u5f84\u9664\u4e86\u53c2\u52a0\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u54a8\u8be2\u4f1a\u5916\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u901a\u8fc7\u516c\u5e03\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u53d1\u8868\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u65f6\u4e8b\u77ed\u8bc4\u3001\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e13\u5bb6\u680f\u76ee\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d1\u5e03\u6a21\u578b\u6570\u636e\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4f20\u7edf\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\u53e0\u52a0\u7684\u5168\u5a92\u4f53\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63d0\u5347\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1\u3001\u4e0e\u8457\u540d\u51fa\u7248\u96c6\u56e2\u5408\u4f5c\u53d1\u8868\uff08\u51fa\u7248\uff09\u5370\u4e2d\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u957f\u671f\u9009\u9898\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff08\u8457\u4f5c\uff09\u9664\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u548c\u540d\u8a89\u4f1a\u5458\u5916\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u7684\u4e13\u804c\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u5728\u4efb\u671f\u5185\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u4f1a\u6709\u4e3b\u6301\u8bfe\u9898\u548c\u64b0\u5199\u4e13\u8457\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e13\u8457\u4e3b\u8981\u805a\u7126\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u7c7b\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4e2d\u5370\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5370\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u72c4\u4f2f\u6770\u7684\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1a1904-2004\u5e74\u300b\u3001\u767d\u871c\u96c5\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u300b\u3001\u739b\u59b2\u7389\u7684\u300a\u5728\u534e\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\uff1a1800\u20141949\u300b\u3001\u83ab\u6c49\u8482\u7684\u300a\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u3001\u62c9\u8d3e\u00b7\u83ab\u6c49\u7684\u300a\u6405\u62cc\u4e73\u6d77\uff1a\u4e2d\u5370\u5728\u5370\u592a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u300b\u3001\u8c22\u521a\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u91d1\u7816\u4e94\u56fd\uff1a\u53e6\u8d77\u7089\u7076\u300b\u548c\u300a\u201c\u4e00\u5e26\u4e00\u8def\u201d\u5efa\u8bbe\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d3e\u7518\u7eb3\u7279\u00b7\u6f58\u8fbe\uff08Jagannath Panda\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1a\u5728\u5747\u8861\u4e0e\u7b49\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u300b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c1962 \u5e74\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u51b2\u7a81\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u83ab\u6c49\u00b7\u62c9\u59c6\uff08Mohan Ram\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u5bf9\u6297\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\u3001\u62c9\u8d3e\u00b7\u83ab\u6c49\u7684\u300a\u8de8\u8d8a\u5362\u6bd4\u5b54\uff1a\u5f62\u5851\u5370\u5ea6\u65b0\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u300b\u3001\u5c11\u5c06\u5c71\u80e1\uff08Sandhu\uff09\u7684\u300a1962\uff1a\u4ece\u5c71\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4fa7\u770b\u8fc7\u53bb\u300b\u3001\u7a7a\u519b\u51c6\u5c06\u8d3e\u65af\u6770\u7279\u00b7\u8f9b\u683c\uff08Jasjit Singh\uff09\u7684\u300a1962 \u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6218\u4e89\uff1a\u6e29\u6545\u77e5\u65b0\u300b\u3001\u7a7a\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u54c8\u745e\u7279\u00b7\u5e93\u9a6c\uff08Bharat Kumar\uff09\u7684\u300a\u672a\u77e5\u4e0e\u65e0\u58f0\uff1a1962\u5e74\u4e2d\u5370\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u7a7a\u519b\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c11\u5c06\u67e5\u514b\u62c9\u535a\u63d0\uff08Chakraborty\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8bc4\u4f30\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u542f\u793a\u300b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5370\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u529b\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u53e4\u9c81\u65af\u74e6\u7c73\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5916\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e54\u675c\u91cc\u00b7\u5df4\u5c14\uff08Raghav Bahl\uff09\u7684\u300a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\uff1f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5154\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u9f9f\u7684\u5947\u5999\u8d5b\u8dd1\u300b\u3001\u963f\u65af\u739b\u00b7\u9a6c\u82cf\u5fb7\uff08Asma Masood\uff09\u7684\u300a\u6539\u53d8\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u98ce\u666f\uff1a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u666e\u62c9\u63d0\u6bd4\u54c8\uff08Prathibha\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e1c\u4e9a\u6218\u7565\u8bc4\u8bba\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u6218\u7565\u5d1b\u8d77\u300b\u7b49\u30022\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7b49\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\u6765\u89e3\u8bfb\u5370\u4e2d\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u7a81\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u70ed\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u667a\u5e93\u5229\u7528\u4f20\u7edf\u7eb8\u5a92\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\u53e0\u52a0\u7684\u5168\u5a92\u4f53\u65b9\u5f0f\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u5373\u5404\u4e2a\u6d89\u534e\u667a\u5e93\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u5370\u4e2d\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u70ed\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u81ea\u4e3b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e3e\u529e\u5927\u5c0f\u578b\u4f1a\u8bae\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u8bb2\u5ea7\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u574a\u6765\u805a\u96c6\u4e00\u6279\u5fe0\u5b9e\u53d7\u4f17\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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