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\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aamazon.in2013\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u65b0\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5373\u300a\u571f\u5730\u5f81\u6536\u3001\u91cd\u5efa\u548c\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e2d\u516c\u5e73\u8d54\u507f\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u900f\u660e\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u300b\uff08The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5df2\u5b58\u7eed\u8fd1120\u5e74\u7684\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Land Acquisition Act of 1894\uff09\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u8fdb\u5165\u5386\u53f2\u65b0\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n

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[7]\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u6539\u9769\u7279\u522b\u662f1991\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u6df7\u5408\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u9053\u8def\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u4e0d\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5e9f\u6b62\uff0c\u5176\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u53cd\u800c\u66f4\u5927\u3002[8]\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0e\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff08\u5982\u5217\u7ef4\u6069[Micheal Levien]\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6276\u52a9\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u63a8\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3002\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6709\u610f\u5265\u593a\u519c\u6751\u6709\u4ea7\u8005\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5931\u53bb\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u79ef\u7d2f\u51c6\u5907\u6761\u4ef6\u3002[9]\u8868\u73b0\u5404\u65b9\u52bf\u529b\u5f81\u6536\u571f\u5730\u7684\u6f2b\u753b\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1anedaindia.wordpress.com\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u5173\u4e8e\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u7279\u6027\u548c\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u671f\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u4eb2\u5546\u7279\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c11\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f57\u4f0a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u5728\u4e8e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u3001\u4ece1824\u5e74\u5f53\u5730\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6709\u5173\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u53f0\u52302013\u5e74\u65b0\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u53d8\u8fc1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5168\u9762\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u7f55\u6709\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba9\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u533a\u522b\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7531\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u800c\u975e\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6307\u51fa\u4e00\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ea\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u6b96\u6c11\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u6bcd\u56fd\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u4e00\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u8005(\u5305\u62ec\u7f57\u4f0a)\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63ed\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6070\u6070\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u5f81\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u732e\u6240\u6ca1\u6709\u5145\u5206\u8bba\u8ff0\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5728\u5f81\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6587\u732e\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u6070\u6070\u662f\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\uff08decolonization\uff09\u7684\u65e2\u6709\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u4ee5\u586b\u8865\u7684\u3002\u5728\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u6587\u732e\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ee7\u627f\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u6b96\u6c11\u6027\uff08coloniality\uff09\u3002\u6709\u6587\u732e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u4e0d\u8be5\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u88ab\u5723\u96c4\u7518\u5730\u6279\u8bc4\u4e3a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u201d[10]\u6216\u8005\u201c\u867d\u4e0d\u662f\u8001\u864e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u8001\u864e\u7684\u5929\u6027\u201d[11]\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u4f1a\u7ee7\u627f\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3001\u505a\u6cd5\u548c\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c[12]\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u884c\u653f\u673a\u6784\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u52a0\u9009\u62e9\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u7ee7\u627f\u3002<\/p>\n

[13]\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ee7\u627f\u4e2d\uff0c\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u660e\u663e\u7684\u201c\u7edf\u6cbb\u548c\u538b\u5236\u201d\u7279\u6027\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u4f1a\u53d8\u672c\u52a0\u5389\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u5f3a\u5316\u3002[14]\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u8bba\u8bc1\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u9762\u5bf9\u9009\u6c11\u6240\u5e94\u5177\u6709\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u548c\u8d85\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7528\u6765\u5b9e\u884c\u5bf9\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u901a\u5e38\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5eb6\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\uff09\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u3002[15]\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5df4\u5e0c\uff08Upendra Baxi\uff09\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u65e2\u6709\u7ee7\u627f\u53c8\u6709\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u3002[16]\u90a3\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u629b\u5f03\u6216\u4fee\u6b63\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u805a\u7126\u67d0\u4e2a\u5355\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f81\u5730\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u5145\u5206\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0e\u5173\u4e8e\u6b96\u6c11\u4e0e\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5951\u5408\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u5177\u6709\u6838\u5fc3\u6cd5\u5178\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5176\u6574\u4e2a\u7acb\u6cd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u3001\u518d\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u548c\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5ba1\u89c6\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u805a\u7126\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u672c\u6587\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5173\u6000\u4e0b\u5c55\u5f00\u8bba\u8ff0\u7684\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8054\u7ed3\u5370\u5ea6\u5f81\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u7814\u7a76\u4e24\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5370\u5ea6\u5f81\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u8fc1\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u53ca\u5176\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u4ee5\u63a0\u593a\u4e3a\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b:<\/h2>\n

\u65e7\u5f81\u5730\u6cd51.0\uff081820\u20141947\uff09\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u6700\u65e9\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u300a1824\u5e74\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u7ba1\u6cbb\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Bengal Regulation Act, 1824\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u5883\u5185\u7684\u5a01\u5ec9\u5821\u8fdb\u884c\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u5176\u540e\uff0c\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u3001\u5b5f\u4e70\u548c\u9a6c\u5fb7\u62c9\u65af\u7b49\u82f1\u6b96\u6c11\u76f4\u8f96\u533a\u57df\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u90fd\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u533a\u57df\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u76f4\u52301857\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u624d\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a1857\u5e74\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u5f81\u6536\u571f\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Acquisition of Land for Public Purposes Act, 1857\uff09\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u76f4\u8f96\u8303\u56f4\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

[17]\u5176\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u518d\u7ecf\u5386\u4e24\u6b21\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u540e\uff0c\u88ab\u300a1870\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c24\u5e74\u540e\u53c8\u66f4\u65b0\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u5e76\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e03\u6b21\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5e9f\u6b62\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u7531\u539f\u82f1\u56fd\u76f4\u8f96\u533a\u57df\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5168\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u5370\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u603b\u5171\u7ecf\u5386\u4e8614\u6b21\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5176\u6709\u6548\u671f\u6a2a\u8de8\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u76f4\u81f32013\u5e74\u5e95\u88ab\u5e9f\u6b62\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u5f81\u5730\u8fbe119\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002\u5728\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\uff081757\u20141947\uff09\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u5b55\u80b2\u3001\u751f\u957f\u548c\u6210\u578b\u7684\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u968f\u7740\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\u800c\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7efc\u5408\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5177\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u6027\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u4e0d\u60dc\u727a\u7272\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u3001\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4f9d\u8d56\u571f\u5730\u4e3a\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\uff09\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e94\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7528\u9014\uff08public purpose\uff09\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u754c\u5b9a\u3002\u57281984\u5e74\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u5927\u4fee\u6539\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u7528\u9014\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u754c\u5b9a\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u5141\u8bb8\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u89e3\u91ca\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5e76\u636e\u6b64\u5f81\u6536\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u65e0\u9650\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u5730\u3002\u867d\u7136\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u65e9\u5df2\u6709\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u5730\u59cb\u4e8e\u300a1870\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e03\u90e8\u5206\u4e13\u95e8\u6709\u4e00\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u89c4\u8303\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9887\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5f81\u5730\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u653f\u5e9c\u4f1a\u5c3d\u529b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5f81\u5730\u7b26\u5408\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u6b21\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\uff09\u6cd5\u9662\u5426\u51b3\u4e86\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u4fee\u6539\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5df2\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u3002[18]<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u6700\u521d\u4e5f\u91c7\u53d6\u82f1\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bbd\u677e\u3001\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f9d\u7167\u300a1857\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ee5\u653f\u5e9c\u83b7\u5f97\u571f\u5730\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u5e76\u4efb\u547d\u4e24\u540d\u4ef2\u88c1\u5458\uff08arbitrators\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f9d\u7167\u300a1870\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7531\u6cd5\u9662\u4efb\u547d\u4ef7\u683c\u8bc4\u4f30\u5458\uff08assessors\uff09\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u9010\u6e10\u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u4e2d\u7acb\u673a\u6784\u8bc4\u4f30\u571f\u5730\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u65ad\u4fee\u6539\u786e\u5b9a\u571f\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u4ef7\u683c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u7531\u300a1870\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u53d1\u5e03\u5f81\u5730\u88c1\u51b3\uff08award\uff09\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6539\u4e3a\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u53d1\u5e03\u5f81\u5730\u58f0\u660e\uff08declaration\uff09\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u524d\u63a8\u571f\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u5f81\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u603b\u989d\u3002<\/p>\n

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[20]\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u6cd5\u9662\u4efb\u547d\u8bc4\u4f30\u5458\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ba9\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u7531\u5730\u65b9\u957f\u5b98\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u6536\u7a0e\u5b98[collectors]\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u571f\u5730\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u5927\u5927\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u5f81\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f81\u5730\u5b98\u7ecf\u5e38\u4ee5\u5e02\u573a\u767b\u8bb0\u4ef7\u683c\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u571f\u5730\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u8d54\u507f\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u571f\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u63d0\u5347\u52301.15\u500d\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\uff0c[21]\u4e5f\u4ecd\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u8db3\u989d\u8d54\u507f\u88ab\u5f81\u5730\u8005\u7684\u635f\u5931\u3002\u6f2b\u753b\u76f4\u89c2\u8868\u73b0\u5f81\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u4e0d\u8db3\u5bf9\u88ab\u5f81\u5730\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aadvocategandhi.com<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5b89\u7f6e\u548c\u518d\u5b89\u7f6e\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u90fd\u5bf9\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e0e\u91cd\u5efa\uff08rehabilitation and resettlement\uff09\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5904\u4e8e\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u3001\u571f\u5730\u5e02\u573a\u8fd8\u6ca1\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5408\u65f6\u5b9c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u519c\u4e1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5931\u53bb\u751f\u6d3b\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u5982\u679c\u540c\u65f6\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u5904\u5b89\u8eab\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u4ee5\u53ca\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u4f43\u519c\u7b49\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8d54\u507f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u6216\u8005\u65e0\u6cd5\u8d2d\u4e70\u76f8\u5e94\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u571f\u5730\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u751f\u4ea7\u751f\u6d3b\u3002[22]\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e0e\u91cd\u5efa\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5f88\u663e\u7136\u5c31\u628a\u519c\u6c11\u3001\u7267\u6c11\u3001\u90e8\u843d\u6c11\u7b49\u7fa4\u4f53\u4ece\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u8fde\u6839\u62d4\u8d77\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u5931\u5730\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08displaced population\uff09\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u6076\u5316\u4e86\u5176\u751f\u4ea7\u751f\u6d3b\u72b6\u6001\u3002[23]<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u8981\u786e\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u884c\u653f\u6743\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5f81\u5730\u65b9\uff09\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4ece\u82f1\u7f8e\u6cd5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f81\u5730\u65b9\uff08\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ee3\u8868\u653f\u5e9c\u8fdb\u884c\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u957f\u5b98\uff09\u5168\u9762\u638c\u63a7\u4e86\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\u3002\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5730\u65b9\u957f\u5b98\u505a\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u8bae\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u3001\u5ba3\u5e03\u548c\u88c1\u5b9a\u3001\u542c\u53d6\u548c\u88c1\u51b3\u7533\u8bc9\u3001\u53d6\u5f97\u548c\u5f3a\u5236\u53d6\u5f97\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u5730\u65b9\u957f\u5b98\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u957f\u5b98\u6700\u7ec8\u751a\u81f3\u83b7\u5f97\u8bc4\u4f30\u3001\u5206\u914d\u3001\u88c1\u51b3\u571f\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5f81\u5730\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u2014\u2014\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u53ea\u80fd\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u505a\u51fa\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u6743\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e4b\u5916\u8fc7\u95ee\u5f81\u5730\u51b3\u5b9a\u672c\u8eab\uff08\u5373\u63a8\u7ffb\u5f81\u5730\u51b3\u5b9a\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[24] \u66f4\u751a\uff0c\u81ea\u300a1870\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7d27\u6025\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5982\u300a1870\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u7b2c17\u6761\u6388\u6743\u5730\u65b9\u957f\u5b98\u5728\u901a\u77e5\u5f81\u5730\u540e\u768415\u5929\u5185\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u571f\u5730\u3002[25]\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u6cd5\u9662\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7684\u7ea0\u845b\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u957f\u5b98\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6446\u8131\u5e76\u5728\u5f88\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\u5f81\u5730\u3002\u4ee5\u201c\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5178\u578b\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u6027\u201d\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\u5404\u7ea7\u7acb\u6cd5\u4f1a\uff08assembly or council\uff09\u7684\u6210\u5206\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f1920\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u82f1\u5370\u4e2d\u592e\u7acb\u6cd5\u4f1a\uff08The Central Legislative Assembly of India\uff09\u4e3a\u4f8b, 145\u540d\u8bae\u5458\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709101\u540d\u8bae\u5458\u662f\u672c\u571f\u95f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n

[26]\u4ee5\u201c\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u628a\u5168\u90e8\u6743\u529b\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u884c\u653f\u6743\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5168\u9762\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u56de\u907f\u4e86\u7acb\u6cd5\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u4e2d\u672c\u571f\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u6027\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f1a\u4ece\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5229\u76ca\u5c55\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u6bcd\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u533a\u522b\u6765\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f70\u663e\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u5f81\u5730\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5f3a\u5236\u8d2d\u4e70\u201d\uff08compulsory purchase\uff09\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u79f0\u547c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f81\u5730\u6743\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u82f1\u6587\u79f0Eminent Domain\uff09\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u7acb\u6cd5\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u70b9\u4e0a\u4e0e\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u7acb\u6cd5\u6839\u672c\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u9075\u4ece\u8bae\u4f1a\u81f3\u4e0a\u539f\u5219\u3002\u57281875\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u662f\u7acb\u6cd5\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u5411\u8bae\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e24\u9662\u4e2d\u4e09\u8bfb\u65b9\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08statute\uff09\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u5f81\u5730\u5404\u9879\u4e8b\u5b9c\u3002\u57281875\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6269\u5927\u5f81\u5730\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7b80\u5316\u4e86\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u5f81\u5730\u90fd\u9700\u7acb\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8bae\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5f81\u5730\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5730\u65b9\u7684\uff09\u4e5f\u4ecd\u9700\u4e2d\u592e\u90e8\u957f\u5ba1\u6279\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u90e8\u957f\u5ba1\u6279\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u201d\u3002[27]\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u82f1\u56fd\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u4e8e\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u8bae\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u903e\u8d8a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u73af\u8282\u3002[28]<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u8d54\u507f\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u673a\u6784\u88c1\u51b3\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u6839\u636e\u82f1\u56fd1845\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u571f\u5730\u9879\u76ee\u5408\u5e76\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Land Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845\uff09\u7b2c23\u6761\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5f81\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u91d1\u989d\u5728501\u78c5\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u4e24\u540d\u6cd5\u5b98\u6765\u5224\u51b3\uff1b\u8d85\u51fa501\u78c5\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u7531\u4ef2\u88c1\u8005\u6216\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u6765\u88c1\u51b3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e00\u76f4\u7ef4\u6301\u52301950\u5e74\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u7531\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u571f\u5730\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08Land Tribunal\uff09\u88c1\u51b3\u571f\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u95ee\u9898\u3002[29]<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5bf9\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7531\u4e8e\u5949\u884c\u8bae\u4f1a\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u822c\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a8\u7ffb\u524d\u8ff0\u7684\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u8fdb\u884c\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u79c1\u4eba\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ba1\u67e5\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u5426\u5728\u5176\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6267\u884c\u3002[30]\u8fdb\u516520\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u66f4\u591a\u91c7\u7528\u516c\u5171\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u5f81\u5730\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6309\u7167\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u5f81\u5730\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u5355\u72ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u5c31\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3001\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u683c\u4e86\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u63a8\u7ffb\u5f81\u5730\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002[31]\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5177\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u201d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u8bbe\u3001\u77ff\u4ea7\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u5496\u5561\u4e0e\u8336\u53f6\u79cd\u690d\u548c\u68ee\u6797\u5f00\u53d1\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u65b9\u4fbf\u3001\u5feb\u6377\u548c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u5730\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u507f\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u571f\u5730\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u68ee\u6797\u571f\u5730\u65b9\u9762\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u60dc\u727a\u7272\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u571f\u5730\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002[32]\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1acsis.org\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u8fd9\u90e8\u6b96\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u906d\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u662f\u504f\u9887\u7684\u3002\u57281919\u5e74\u81f31920\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u5b5f\u4e70\u76f4\u8f96\u533a\u7684\u6d66\u90a3\u5c31\u66fe\u7ecf\u7206\u53d1\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e3a\u5854\u5854\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u6536\u571f\u5730\u5efa\u9020\u6c34\u7535\u7ad9\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5176\u540e\uff0c\u57281927\u5e74\u4e00\u4f4d\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0b\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u514b\u5c14\u5361\u5c14\uff08Narshinh Chintaman Kelkar\uff09\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u82f1\u5370\u8bae\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e00\u90e8\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4fee\u6539\u8fd9\u90e8\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u5373\u9488\u5bf9\u672c\u6587\u524d\u8ff0\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u5f0a\u7aef\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8981\u6c42\u660e\u786e\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3001\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u505a\u51fa\u5f81\u5730\u51b3\u5b9a\u3001\u7531\u6cd5\u9662\u6765\u88c1\u51b3\u5f81\u5730\u4e89\u8bae\u3001\u7531\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u673a\u6784\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u5f81\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u6570\u989d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u9020\u621030\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5931\u5730\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5bf9\u5931\u5730\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u5b89\u7f6e\u3002[33]\u514b\u5c14\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u6700\u7ec8\u529f\u8d25\u5782\u6210\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u4fee\u6539\u5efa\u8bae\u76f4\u51fb\u65f6\u5f0a\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6df1\u542b\u7684\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u6027\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1a<\/h2>\n

\u65e7\u5f81\u5730\u6cd52.0\uff081947\u20142013\uff091947\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u83b7\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c1949\u5e74\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u5e76\u4e8e1950\u5e74\u751f\u6548\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd8\u662f\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fd9\u90e8\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u3002\u4ece\u5f81\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u5206\u8bba\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\u671f\uff1a1947\u20141984\u5e74\u5efa\u56fd\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u90e8\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u63aa\u8f9e\u8fdb\u884c\u53ca\u65f6\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u539f\u6587\u89c4\u5b9a\u6b64\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u201c\u82f1\u5370\u5730\u533a\u201d\uff0c\u5efa\u56fd\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u5148\u540e\u4fee\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u9664\u4e86B\u7c7b\u533a\u57df\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5168\u5883\u201d\uff081950\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u5168\u5883\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u57281956\u5e7411\u67081\u65e5\u4e4b\u524d\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5cB\u7c7b\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5730\u533a\u201d\uff081956\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[34]\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u539f\u6765\u5c5e\u4e8e\u738b\u516c\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u533a\u57df\u4f9d\u65e7\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u8fd9\u90e8\u4e2d\u592e\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u9002\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u53c8\u57281962\u5e74\u548c1967\u5e74\u5206\u522b\u4fee\u8ba2\u8be5\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u5bf9\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u5730\u548c\u542c\u53d6\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u7b49\u90e8\u5206\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec6\u5c0f\u4fee\u8ba2\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c31\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u53d8\u5730\u88ab\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u8981\u8bf4\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5efa\u56fd\u539f\u5219\u6beb\u65e0\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u5e9c\u975e\u7ecf\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u8d54\u507f\u4e0d\u5f97\u5265\u593a\u6b64\u79cd\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u683c\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u9ad8\u8981\u6c42\u3002[35]\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u5bf9\u82f1\u5370\u76f4\u8f96\u533a\u57df\u4e0e\u738b\u516c\u7ba1\u8f96\u5730\u533a\u8fdb\u884c\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u591a\u90e8\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u8981\u7edf\u4e00\u5f81\u5730\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6839\u636e\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u571f\u5730\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5404\u90a6\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f81\u6536\u571f\u5730\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u548c\u5404\u90a6\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7edf\u4e00\u548c\u7b80\u5316\u5f81\u5730\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u4fbf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u77db\u76fe\u51b2\u7a81\u589e\u52a0\u3001\u8d54\u507f\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u5f81\u5730\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7f13\u6162\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u53bb\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

1958\u5e74\u30011967\u5e74\u548c1971\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5206\u522b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u673a\u6784\u548c\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5bf9\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u5f81\u6536\u548c\u571f\u5730\u5f81\u7528\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff08Report on the Law of Acquisition and Requisition of Land\uff09\u3001\u300a\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5bf9\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff08Report of the Group of Experts on Land Acquisition\uff09\u3001\u300a\u5f81\u5730\u8bc4\u4f30\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5bf91894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff08Report of the Land Acquisition Review Committee on Land Acquisition Act, 1894\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u7edf\u4e00\u548c\u4fee\u8ba2\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4fee\u6539\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7eb5\u89c2\u8fd9\u4e09\u90e8\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u5173\u5207\u65e0\u5916\u4e4e\u4e09\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u7edf\u4e00\u5168\u56fd\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u5f81\u6536\uff08land acquisition\uff09\u548c\u4e0d\u52a8\u4ea7\u5f81\u7528\uff08requisition of property right\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u4e00\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u5f81\u5730\u5ef6\u671f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u5f81\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u652f\u4ed8\u65f6\u95f4\u5ef6\u7f13\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u83b7\u5f97\u571f\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\u6ede\u540e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

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[42]\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u660e\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u201c\u516c\u5171\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u5e76\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u9002\u7528\u201c\u516c\u5171\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u4e03\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002[43]\u518d\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u628a\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u7684\u989d\u5916\u8865\u507f\u4ef7\u7531\u539f\u6765\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u768415%\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u4e8630%\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u571f\u5730\u7684\u8d54\u507f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u5176\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c130%\u7684\u5e45\u5ea6\u3002[44]\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u9650\u5b9a\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5ba3\u5e03\u5f81\u5730\u540e\u7684\u4e24\u5e74\u5185\u53d1\u5e03\u5f81\u5730\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c06\u53d6\u6d88\u5f81\u5730\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u901f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002[45]\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c1984\u5e74\u5bf9\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u6709\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8fd9\u6b21\u4fee\u6539\u9996\u6b21\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u76ee\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u754c\u5b9a\u548c\u5217\u4e3e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3a\u79c1\u4eba\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u5e9c\u5f81\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u65e2\u6ee1\u8db3\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u79cd\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u5efa\u8bbe\u9879\u76ee\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ee1\u8db3\u79c1\u7acb\u548c\u5916\u8d44\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u57282005\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7279\u533a\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Special Economic Zone Act of 2005\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5927\u5927\u5730\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f81\u5730\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u5f81\u5730\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u7206\u53d1\u4e5f\u6070\u6070\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u57282006\u5e74\u548c2007\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8457\u540d\u7684\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\u7684\uff09\u5f81\u5730\u6848\u4f8b\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u9996\u5f53\u5176\u51b2\u7684\u662f\u897f\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u90a6\u30022006\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u90a6\u7684\u5357\u8fea\u683c\u5170\uff08Nandigram\uff09\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba1\u5212\u4e3a\u5370\u5c3c\u7684\u4e09\u6797\u96c6\u56e2\uff08Salim\uff09\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u5730\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7279\u533a\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u8b66\u6c11\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d14\u540d\u672c\u5730\u5c45\u6c11\u88ab\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n

[49]\u5176\u540e\u5f88\u5feb\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90a6\u7684\u8f9b\u53e4\u5c14\uff08Singur\uff09\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4e5f\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u95fb\u540d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e3a\u5854\u5854\u516c\u53f8\u768410\u4e07\u5143\u6c7d\u8f66\u9879\u76ee\u5f81\u5730997\u4ea9\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u90e8\u5206\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8be5\u90a6\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u8349\u6839\u56fd\u5927\u515a\u3001\u8457\u540d\u793e\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u5e15\u7279\u5361\u5c14\uff08Medha Patkar\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u5de6\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u3001\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u5de6\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u90fd\u79ef\u6781\u4ecb\u5165\u8fd9\u4e00\u6297\u4e89\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002[50]\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u5854\u5854\u516c\u53f8\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u4e8e2008\u5e74\u4e3b\u52a8\u653e\u5f03\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u628a\u6295\u8d44\u6539\u5230\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u90a6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u51b2\u7a81\u6df1\u523b\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u897f\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u90a6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6001\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u519c\u6c11\u6297\u4e89\u8fd0\u52a8\u8d77\u5bb6\u7684\u8349\u6839\u56fd\u5927\u515a\u6700\u7ec8\u7ec8\u7ed3\u5370\u5171\uff08\u9a6c\uff09\u5728\u8be5\u90a6\u957f\u8fbe34\u5e74\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u90a6\u6267\u653f\u515a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5370\u5171\uff08\u9a6c\uff09\u4e5f\u4ece\u6b64\u5728\u8be5\u90a6\u4e00\u8e76\u4e0d\u632f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u8be5\u90a6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5168\u5370\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\uff0c\u5f81\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd8\u51fa\u73b0\u8bf8\u5982\u5965\u91cc\u8428\u90a6\u7684\u97e9\u56fd\u6d66\u9879\u516c\u53f8\uff08POSCO\uff09\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u5317\u65b9\u90a6\u7684\u4e9a\u7a46\u7eb3\uff08Yamuna\uff09\u9ad8\u901f\u8def\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u8fb9\u57ce\u9547\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u9a6c\u54c8\u62c9\u65bd\u7279\u62c9\u90a6\u4fe1\u5b9e\uff08Reliance\uff09\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u739b\u54c8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7279\u533a\uff08Maha Special Economic Zone\uff09\u9879\u76ee\u7b49\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4e5f\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5f81\u5730\u56f0\u96be\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u5370\u5ea6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6700\u5927\u74f6\u9888\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u5546\u4e1a\u8054\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u5370\u5ea6\u5de5\u5546\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\uff08ASSOCHAM\uff09\u4e8e2009\u5e74\u53d1\u5e03\u4e00\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4ef7\u503c1000\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u9879\u76ee\u56e0\u5f81\u5730\u56f0\u96be\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u843d\u5b9e\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u52a0\u5feb\u5f81\u5730\u6539\u9769\u529b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

[51]\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u79cd\u79cd\u8981\u7d20\u6c47\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5bf9\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5f00\u59cb\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4fee\u8ba2\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u65b0\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\uff1a<\/h2>\n

\u4e00\u90e8\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1f\uff082013\u5e74\u81f3\u4eca\uff09\u81ea1998\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u915d\u917f\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u5bf9\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u76f4\u52302007\u5e74\uff0c\u624d\u5206\u522b\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\u63d0\u4ea4\u300a\u91cd\u5efa\u548c\u5b89\u7f6e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08The Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2007\uff09\u548c\u300a\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\uff08\u4fee\u6539\uff09\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08Land Acquisition [Amendment] Bill, 2007\uff09\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\u4e8e2009\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e24\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a2009\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u8981\u4e3e\u884c\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u9009\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e24\u9662\u90fd\u88ab\u89e3\u6563\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65e0\u6cd5\u53ca\u65f6\u63d0\u4ea4\u8054\u90a6\u9662\u5ba1\u8bae\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u7acb\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f,\u56e0\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u91d1\u94b1\u6cd5\u6848\uff08money bills\uff09\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u90fd\u9700\u7ecf\u4e24\u9662\u5ba1\u8bae\u901a\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n

2011\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u5927\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e24\u90e8\u6cd5\u6848\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u90e8\u65b0\u7684\u300a\u571f\u5730\u5f81\u6536\u3001\u91cd\u5efa\u548c\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e2d\u516c\u5e73\u8d54\u507f\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u900f\u660e\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill\uff09\u63d0\u4ea4\u5370\u5ea6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e24\u9662\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8270\u8f9b\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u63d0\u4ea4\u90e8\u957f\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u3001\u53ec\u96c6\u8bae\u4f1a\u5185\u5404\u515a\u6d3e\u8fa9\u8bba\u3001\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u5f81\u96c6\u610f\u89c1\u3001\u5f81\u8be2\u5370\u5ea6\u5404\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u610f\u89c1\u7b49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u591a\u6b21\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e24\u9662\u6700\u7ec8\u57282013\u5e748\u6708\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fd9\u90e8\u65b0\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u540d\u4e3a\u300a2013\u5e74\u571f\u5730\u5f81\u6536\u3001\u91cd\u5efa\u548c\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e2d\u516c\u5e73\u8d54\u507f\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u900f\u660e\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u300b\uff08The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013\uff09\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u300a2013\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u4e0e\u5b89\u7f6e\u91cd\u5efa\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5e9f\u6b62\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[52]\u8868\u73b0\u300a2013\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u4e0e\u5b89\u7f6e\u91cd\u5efa\u6cd5\u300b\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u6027\u548c\u8fdb\u6b65\u6027\u7684\u6f2b\u753b\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aadvocategandhi.com\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86119\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u4e5f\u624d\u5f7b\u5e95\u6446\u8131\u6b96\u6c11\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u90e8\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u7279\u6027\u8868\u73b0\u5728\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u539f\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5265\u593a\u5931\u5730\u6c11\u4f17\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6709\u5173\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u4ece\u571f\u5730\u7684\u8d54\u507f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u65b0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5bf9\u519c\u6751\u571f\u5730\u91c7\u53d6\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u56db\u500d\u7684\u8d54\u507f\uff0c\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u571f\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u4e24\u500d\u7684\u8d54\u507f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8d54\u507f\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u628a\u539f\u6765\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u53d7\u9879\u76ee\u5f71\u54cd\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e0e\u91cd\u5efa\u653f\u7b56\u201d\uff08The National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project-Affected Families 2003\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u5584\u5e76\u7cc5\u5408\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b89\u7f6e\u548c\u518d\u5c31\u4e1a\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8be6\u5c3d\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5f7b\u5e95\u89e3\u51b3\u65e7\u6cd5\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u6cd5\u8fd8\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u53d7\u9879\u76ee\u5f71\u54cd\u5bb6\u5ead\uff08project-affected family\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e4b\u524d\u88ab\u6392\u65a5\u51fa\u8d54\u507f\u548c\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u88ab\u5f81\u6536\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u4f43\u519c\u3001\u957f\u5de5\u3001\u79df\u6237\u3001\u90e8\u843d\u6c11\u3001\u6e14\u6c11\u3001\u730e\u6237\u3001\u4eab\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u6d3e\u53d1\u571f\u5730\u7684\u519c\u6237\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u8d54\u507f\u548c\u5b89\u7f6e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u5207\u5408\u5370\u5ea6\u590d\u6742\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u82f1\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa\u6765\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u9650\u5b9a\u5f81\u5730\u6743\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u88ab\u6ee5\u7528\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u65b0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e25\u683c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u516c\u79c1\u5408\u8425\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u5730\u5fc5\u987b\u7b26\u5408\u51fa\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u9700\u8981\u5e76\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u5206\u522b\u83b7\u5f9770%\u548c80%\u88ab\u5f81\u5730\u8005\u7684\u9884\u5148\u540c\u610f\uff08prior consent\uff09\u3002[53] \u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u7ed9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5f81\u5730\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u5f81\u5730\u670d\u4ece\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5f81\u5730\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u6027\uff0c\u65b0\u6cd5\u8fd8\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u98ce\u9669\u8bc4\u4f30\uff08social impact assessment\uff09\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f81\u5730\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5c31\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u7efc\u5408\u8bc4\u4f30\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u5f81\u5730\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u522b\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff08\u5982\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u653f\u5e9c\u571f\u5730\u4ee5\u4f9b\u4f7f\u7528\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u5426\u76f4\u63a5\u534f\u5546\u8d2d\u4e70\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u5f81\u5730\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u662f\u5426\u8d85\u8fc7\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6548\u76ca\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5f81\u6536\u7684\u571f\u5730\u9009\u5740\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u662f\u5426\u6070\u5f53\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u653f\u5e9c\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bc4\u4f30\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u62a5\u544a\u8f6c\u4ea4\u793e\u4f1a\u98ce\u9669\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u540d\u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u4e24\u4f4d\u57fa\u5c42\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u4e24\u4f4d\u5b89\u7f6e\u9886\u57df\u4e13\u5bb6\u548c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f81\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u8d1f\u8d23\u5ba1\u6838\u8bc4\u4f30\u793e\u4f1a\u98ce\u9669\u8bc4\u4f30\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u5176\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5426\u51b3\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5373\u5f53\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f81\u5730\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u516c\u5171\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u8d85\u8fc7\u5f81\u5730\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u8bae\u53d6\u6d88\u5f81\u5730\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5efa\u8bae\u53d6\u6d88\u5f81\u5730\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u5e03\u4e66\u9762\u62a5\u544a\u4ee5\u56de\u5e94\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5e03\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u8db3\u591f\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u548c\u5206\u6743\u5316\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u9884\u5f81\u5730\u5ba1\u67e5\u73af\u8282\uff08\u89c1\u88681\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u72ec\u7acb\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5ba1\u6838\u5f81\u5730\u793e\u4f1a\u98ce\u9669\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u4e5f\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u5728\u4e3a\u516c\u79c1\u5408\u8425\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u5fc5\u987b\u83b7\u5f97\u5931\u5730\u8005\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u9884\u5148\u540c\u610f\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5728\u5f81\u5730\u9884\u901a\u77e5\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd8\u589e\u52a0\u516c\u5171\u542c\u8bc1\u7684\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u6c42\u5f81\u5730\u5fc5\u987b\u5f81\u8be2\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u6f58\u67e5\u4e9a\u7279\u7684\u540c\u610f\u3002\u5728\u6267\u884c\u5f81\u5730\u5b89\u7f6e\u548c\u91cd\u5efa\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd8\u8bbe\u7acb\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e0e\u91cd\u5efa\u5b98\u8d1f\u8d23\u8d77\u8349\u3001\u62df\u8ba2\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e0e\u91cd\u5efa\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8bbe\u7acb\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e0e\u91cd\u5efa\u957f\u5b98\u6216\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u76d1\u7763\u5b9e\u65bd\u5b89\u7f6e\u4e0e\u91cd\u5efa\u4e8b\u5b9c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u5f81\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u4e89\u8bae\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd8\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u571f\u5730\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u4e0e\u5b89\u7f6e\u91cd\u5efa\u5c40\uff08The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Authority\uff09\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u5f81\u5730\u8d54\u507f\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u90fd\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u5f81\u5730\u884c\u653f\u5355\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u65bd\u884c\u3001\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u4e89\u8bae\u89e3\u51b3\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u673a\u6784\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u5e76\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u66f4\u52a0\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u201c\u4ee5\u6743\u5229\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u201d\uff08right-based\uff09\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002[54]\u88681 \u5370\u5ea61894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u4e0e2013\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u4e0e\u5b89\u7f6e\u91cd\u5efa\u6cd5\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e4b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u77eb\u6b63\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u662f\u5f81\u5730\u4e2d\u6700\u8106\u5f31\u4e5f\u662f\u88ab\u5f81\u5730\u6700\u591a\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u5bf9\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e5f\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5728\u5efa\u56fd\u540e\u7684\u591a\u6570\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u300a1894\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u300b\u5bf9\u6b64\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u65b0\u6cd5\u5219\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7279\u522b\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\uff08\u7b2c41\u6761\uff09\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u5f97\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u6216\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u5f81\u5730\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u5176\u5f81\u5730\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u83b7\u5f97\u6751\u7ea7\u6f58\u67e5\u4e9a\u7279\u7684\u540c\u610f\u2014\u2014\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u7d27\u6025\u5f81\u5730\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f8b\u5916\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d54\u507f\u3001\u5b89\u7f6e\u548c\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u53d1\u5c55\u8ba1\u5212\uff08development plan\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4ed6\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u571f\u5730\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u83b7\u5f97\u71c3\u6599\u3001\u9972\u6599\u548c\u6728\u6750\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u63aa\u65bd\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u663e\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u7279\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd8\u9f13\u52b1\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u9664\u4e86\u5f81\u5730\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u613f\u534f\u5546\u6216\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u83b7\u5f97\u571f\u5730\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5efa\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u4e5f\u6478\u7d22\u51fa\u591a\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u5927\u578b\u571f\u5730\u5f00\u53d1\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u9a6c\u54c8\u62c9\u65bd\u7279\u62c9\u90a6\u548c\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u90a6\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u533a\u6bb5\u5f81\u6536\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u8857\u533a\u6574\u6bb5\u5f81\u6536\u3001\u6539\u9020\u540e\u6309\u7167\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9000\u8fd8\u7ed9\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5404\u5730\u4e5f\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u81ea\u884c\u8d2d\u5730\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u672c\u5730\u5c45\u6c11\u81ea\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\u6216\u516c\u53f8\u81ea\u884c\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002[55]\u4e0e\u65e7\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u4e3e\u63aa\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u65b0\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5438\u7eb3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u548c\u89c4\u8303\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u5f81\u5730\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7eb3\u5165\u5f81\u5730\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u65b0\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u5f81\u5730\u4e2d\uff0c\u539f\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8981\u6c42\u83b7\u5f97\u88ab\u5f81\u6536\u571f\u5730\u7684\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u65b0\u5f00\u53d1\u571f\u5730\uff08\u4f46\u76f8\u5e94\u4ef7\u503c\u5c06\u4ece\u8d54\u507f\u603b\u989d\u4e2d\u6263\u9664\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[56]\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5f81\u5730\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u571f\u5730\u5165\u80a1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u571f\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u80a1\u4efd\u7ed9\u88ab\u5f81\u5730\u8005\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3\u90e8\u5206\u8d54\u507f\uff08\u4f46\u5176\u989d\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u603b\u8d54\u507f\u989d\u5ea6\u768425%\uff09\u3002[57]\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u65b0\u6cd5\u7b2c104\u6761\u8fd8\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u5f81\u5730\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c1d\u8bd5\u901a\u8fc7\u79df\u7528\u571f\u5730\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u571f\u5730\u3002[58]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u518d\u8ff7\u4fe1\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u529b\u53bb\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u5f00\u8f9f\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u56e0\u5730\u5236\u5b9c\u3001\u4ee5\u975e\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7ea0\u6b63\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5f7b\u5e95\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u8fdb\u5165\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n

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[60]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fee\u6b63\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6de1\u5316\u4e86\u5bf9\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u7b80\u5316\u4e86\u5f81\u5730\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u7f29\u77ed\u5f81\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u6de1\u5316\u4e86\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u88ab\u5f81\u5730\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b64\u6b21\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5f81\u5730\u6539\u9769\u7684\u201c\u53cd\u590d\u76d8\u65cb\u201d\uff08twist and turn\uff09\u3002[61]\u4f46\u662f\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u65b0\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5931\u4e3a\u4e00\u90e8\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u3001\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002[62]\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e2015\u5e74\u4e3a\u300a2013\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\u4e0e\u5b89\u7f6e\u91cd\u5efa\u6cd5\u300b\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u914d\u5957\u7ec6\u5219\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aeconomictimes.indiatimes.com<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001\u7ed3\u8bba\u4ece\u524d\u9762\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c<\/h2>\n

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\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u538b\u69a8\u6027\u3001\u4fb5\u593a\u6027\u548c\u72ec\u65ad\u6027\u8d8a\u53d1\u96be\u4ee5\u5bb9\u5fcd\uff0c\u4e5f\u8d8a\u53d1\u4e0e\u9f13\u5439\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u65e0\u6cd5\u517c\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u65b0\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u4e0e\u5b89\u7f6e\u91cd\u5efa\u6cd5\u5f8b\u624d\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u7531\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6587\u732e\u56de\u987e\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u8fc1\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u6070\u5982\u5723\u96c4\u7518\u5730\u6240\u8a00\uff08\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u6240\u8981\u907f\u514d\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u6ca1\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u5728\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u786e\u5b9e\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e8666\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002[63]\u201c\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u201d\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743\u7684\u66f4\u66ff\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f88\u663e\u7136\u57281947\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u65f6\u5c31\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9a6c\u4e0a\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u533a\u57df\u88ab\u653e\u5927\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5f88\u5927\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u627f\u81ea\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u7edf\u6cbb\u7740\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u3002\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u53ea\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u6027\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u662f\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u5230\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u5374\u662f\u72ec\u7279\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u627f\u7eed\u81ea\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u90fd\u80fd\u7ecf\u5386\u8fd9\u6837\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u300a1860\u5e74\u5211\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\uff08Penal Code\uff0c1860\uff09\u548c\u300a1923\u5e74\u5b98\u65b9\u4fdd\u5bc6\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Official Secrets Act\uff0c1923\uff09\u7b49\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u7ef4\u6301\u539f\u6709\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u5176\u6b96\u6c11\u7279\u6027\u800c\u906d\u5230\u5f3a\u70c8\u975e\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n

[64]\u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8b66\u793a\uff1a\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u968f\u7740\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u800c\u5168\u9762\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e2a\u7f13\u6162\u800c\u8270\u96be\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u624d\u80fd\u6700\u7ec8\u8fbe\u81f3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ed1\u52a8\u67e5\u770b\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a[1] Samantha Agarwal & Michael Levien, \u201cDalits and Dispossession: A Comparison\u201d, Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 50, no.5, 2020, pp. 696-722.[2] Sanjoy Chakravorty, The Price of Land: Acquisition, Conflict, Consequence, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013, p.viii.[3] \u4f8b\u5982Walter Fernandes, \u201cSingur and the Displacement Scenario\u201d, Economic and Political Weekly, vol.42, no. 3, 2008, pp.203-206;<\/p>\n

Sarkar Swagato, \u201cThe Impossibility of Just Land Acquisition\u201d, Economic \uff06 Political Weekly, vol. 46, no. 41, 2011, pp. 35-38;Raju Narayana Swami, \u201cLand Acquisition and Development Induced Displacement in Kerala\u201d, Pragati: A Quarterly Research Journal, vol.5, no.115, 2011, pp. 5-22\u3002<\/p>\n

[4] \u4f8b\u5982Ministry of Law, Government of India, Law Commission of India 1958, 10th Report (Law of Acquisition and Requisition of Land), 1958, pp.1-5, https:\/\/lawcommissionofindia.nic.in\/report_first\/;Kahkashan<\/a> Y. Danyal, \u201cLand Acquisition in India-Past and Present\u201d, Jamia Law Journal, vol.1, 2016, pp. 1-10\u3002<\/p>\n

[5] \u4f8b\u5982Walter Fernandes, \u201cDevelopment-Induced Displacement: The Class and Gender Perspective\u201d, paper presented at International Conference on The Emerging Woman in the Indian Economy, Christ College, Bangalore, 2007;<\/p>\n

Partha Chatterjee, \u201cLand and the Political Management of Primitive Accumulation\u201d, in Anthony P. D\u2019Costa and Achin Chakraborty eds., The Land Question in India: State, Dispossession, and Capitalist Transition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2017, pp.1-15\u3002<\/p>\n

[6] Animesh Roy, \u201cFrom Colonial to Neoliberal Regime: Understanding the Paradigms of Land Dispossession in India\u201d, Journal of Land and Rural Studies, vol.11, no. 1, 2023, pp.28-51.[7] Animesh Roy, \u201cFrom Colonial to Neoliberal Regime: Understanding the Paradigms of Land Dispossession in India\u201d, Journal of Land and Rural Studies, vol.11, no<\/p>\n

. 1, 2023, p.37.[8] \u4e0d\u5c11\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u5185\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d77\u5916\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u00b7\u7518\u5730\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4efb\u671f\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u53ef\u89c1Atul Kohli, \u201cPolitics of Economic Growth in India, 1980-2005: Part I: The 1980s\u201d, Economic & Political Weekly, April 1, 2006, pp.1251-1259;<\/p>\n

Deepak Nayyar, \u201cEconomic Liberalisation in India: Then and Now\u201d, Economic and Political Weekly, January 14, 2017, p.43\u3002<\/p>\n

[9] Michael Levien, \u201cThe Politics of Dispossession: Theorizing India\u2019s \u2018Land Wars\u2019\u201d, Politics & Society, vol. 41, no. 3, 2013, pp.351-394.[10] Anwesha Sengupta, \u201cDecolonization in South Asia\u201d , in Immanuel Ness & Zak Cope eds., The Palgrave Encyclopaedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism, Chennai: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, p.1.[11] Meera Ashar, \u201cDecolonizing What?<\/p>\n

Categories, Concepts and the Enduring \u2018Not Yet\u2019\u201d, Cultural Dynamics, vol. 27, no. 2, 2015, pp.253-265.[12] Rajnarayan Chandavarkar, \u201cCustoms of Governance: Colonialism and Democracy in Twentieth Century India\u201d, Modern Asian Studies, vol. 41, no. 3, 2007, pp. 441-470.[13] Dietmar Rothermund, The Routledge Companion to Decolonization, Londo<\/p>\n

n and New York: Routledge, 2006, p.252.[14] Upendra Baxi, \u201cPostcolonial Legality\u201d, in Henry Schwarz and Sangeeta Ray eds., A Companion to Postcolonial Studies, Oxford and Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, p.544.[15] Rishika Sahgal, \u201cDecolonizing Criminal Law in India\u201d, in Chris Cunneen, Antje Deckert, Amanda Porter, Juan Tauri and Rob<\/p>\n

ert Webb eds., The Routledge International Handbook on Decolonizing Justice, Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2023, p. 391.[16] Upendra Baxi, \u201cPostcolonial Legality\u201d, in Henry Schwarz and Sangeeta Ray eds., A Companion to Postcolonial Studies, Oxford and Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, pp.540-555.[17] \u82f1\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u88ab\u5206\u6210\u82f1\u6b96\u6c11\u76f4\u8f96\u533a\u57df\uff08\u5982\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\u3001\u9a6c\u5fb7\u62c9\u65af\u548c\u5b5f\u4e70\u7b49\u7ba1\u533a\uff09\u548c\u738b\u516c\u8f96\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u57281984\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u539f\u82f1\u6b96\u6c11\u76f4\u8f96\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u539f\u738b\u516c\u8f96\u533a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u539f\u738b\u516c\u8f96\u533a\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u4ecd\u5927\u4f53\u4e0e\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\u3002[18] \u4f8b\u5982\u300a1933\u5e74\u7684\u5f81\u5730\uff08\u4fee\u6b63\uff09\u6cd5\u300b\uff08The Land Acquisition [Amendment] Act, 1933\uff09\u3001\u300a1967\u5e74\u5f81\u5730\uff08\u4fee\u6b63\u548c\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\uff09\u6cd5\u300b(The Land Acquisition [Amendment and Validation] Act, 1967)\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002[19] \u6309\u7167\u5f81\u5730\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5148\u53d1\u8868\u5f81\u5730\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u67e5\u540e\u518d\u53d1\u5e03\u5f81\u5730\u901a\u77e5\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u5e03\u5f81\u5730\u88c1\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5f53\u4e2d\u6709\u8d77\u7801\u4e24\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f81\u5730\u540e\u571f\u5730\u4ef7\u683c\u98d9\u5347\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bb9\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u53c2\u89c1H. Beverley, The Land Acquisition Act Being Act of 1894 and Act XVIII of 1885 of the Governor-General of India in Council, Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co., 1894, p. 29\u3002<\/p>\n

[20] Eesvan Krishnan, Land Acquisition in British India: C.1894-1927, PhD Dissertation, Oxford University, 2014, p.229.[21] Section 41, Land Acquisition Act, 1870. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dli.csl.4845\/page\/n17\/mode\/2up.<\/a>[22] \u5373\u4f7f\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u519c\u6751\u571f\u5730\u5e02\u573a\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u76f8\u5f53\u843d\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1Sanjoy Chakravorty, The Price of Land: Acquisition, Conflict, Consequence, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013, pp.24-26\u3002<\/p>\n

[23] \u7f57\u4f0a\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7279\u522b\u8ba8\u8bba\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u7684\u5f81\u5730\u5bf9\u5931\u5730\u90e8\u843d\u6c11\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8be6\u89c1 Animesh Roy, \u201cFrom Colonial to Neoliberal Regime: Understanding the Paradigms of Land Dispossession in India\u201d, Journal of Land and Rural Studies, vol.11, no. 1, 2023, pp. 28-51.[24] H. Beverley, The Land Acquisition Acts Being Act I of 1894 and Act XVIII of 1885 of the Governor-General of India in Coun<\/p>\n

cil, Calcutta: Thacker Spink and co. 1894, Preface.[25] Section 17, Land Acquisition Act, 1870. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dli.csl.4845\/page\/n15\/mode\/2up.<\/a>[26] R\u0101macandra Ksh\u012bras\u0101gara, Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956, New Delhi: MD Publications, 1994, pp.142-143.[27] \u5f6d\u931e:\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u8003\u5bdf\u62a5\u544a\u2014\u2014\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e0e\u542f\u793a\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e1b\u300b2011\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c107\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1A. H. B. Constable, \u201cExpropriation of Land for Public Purposes\u201d, Juridical Review, vol.13, no. 2, 1901, pp. 164-184;J. H. Balfour Browne, \u201cCompulsory Purchase of Land\u201d, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, vol.1, no.1, 1919, pp. 67-75;<\/p>\n

William D. McNulty, \u201cPower of Compulsory Purchase under the Law of England\u201d, The Yale Law Journal, Vol.21, No.8, 1911-1912, pp. 639-654\u3002[28] \u6309\u7167\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e3b\u6743\u5bf9\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u7684\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u5904\u7f6e\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u53ef\u89c1\u683c\u52b3\u79c0\u65af\u5bf9\u5f81\u5730\u6743\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1aStephen C. Neff ed., Hugo Grotius on the Law of War and Peace, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012, p.26\u3002<\/p>\n

[29] https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/Vict\/8-9\/18\/contents\/enacted.<\/a>[30] Michael Barnes QC, The Law of Compulsory Purchase and Compensation, Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014, p.20.[31] \u5f6d\u931e:\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u8003\u5bdf\u62a5\u544a\u2014\u2014\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e0e\u542f\u793a\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e1b\u300b2011\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c127\u2014128\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[32] \u6709\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u89c1Partha Chatterjee, \u201cLand and the Political Management of Primitive Accumulation\u201d, in Anthony P. D\u2019Costa and Achin Chakraborty eds., The Land Question in India: State, Dispossession, and Capitalist Transition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2017, pp.1-15\uff1b<\/p>\n

Animesh Roy, \u201cFrom Colonial to Neoliberal Regime: Understanding the Paradigms of Land Dispossession in India\u201d, Journal of Land and Rural Studies, vol.11, no. 1, 2023, pp.28-51\u3002<\/p>\n

[33] Eesvan Krishnan, Land Acquisition in British India: C.1894-1927, PhD Dissertation, Oxford University, 2014, pp.40-41.[34] \u539f\u6587\u4e3aPart B states\uff0c\u610f\u63071950\u5e74\u751f\u6548\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u5bf9\u539f\u82f1\u5370\u5e1d\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5206\u4e3aA\u3001B\u3001C\u3001D\u56db\u7c7b\u533a\u57df\u3002B\u7c7b\u533a\u57df\u5305\u62ec\u6d77\u5f97\u62c9\u5df4\u3001\u8fc8\u7d22\u5c14\u7b49\u516b\u4e2a\u539f\u738b\u516c\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u57df\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5efa\u56fd\u540e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533a\u57df\u5212\u5206\u9010\u6e10\u53d6\u6d88\u3002<\/p>\n

[35] Report of the Land Acquisition Review Committee on Land Acquisition Act, 1894, Government of India, Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Community Development and Cooperation, 1971, p. 212.[36] Report of the Land Acquisition Review Committee on Land Acquisition Act, 1894, Government of India, Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Community Develo<\/p>\n

pment and Cooperation, 1971, p. iii.[37] Michael James Levien, Regimes of Dispossession: Special Economic Zones and the Political Economy of Land in India, PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2013, p. 29.[38] Walter Fernandes, \u201cIndia\u2019s Forced Displacement Policy and Practice: Is Compensation up to Its Functions?<\/p>\n

\u201d, in Michael M. Cernea and Hari Mohan Mathur eds., Can Compensation Prevent Impoverishment?Reforming Resettlement through Investment and Benefit-Sharing, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008, p.3.[39] Walter Fernandes, \u201cIndia\u2019s Forced Displacement Policy and Practice: Is Compensation up to Its Functions?<\/p>\n

\u201d, in Michael M. Cernea and Hari Mohan Mathur eds., Can Compensation Prevent Impoverishment?<\/p>\n

Reforming Resettlement through Investment and Benefit-Sharing, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008, p.5.[40] Michael James Levien, Regimes of Dispossession: Special Economic Zones and the Political Economy of Land in India, PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2013, pp.50-51.[41] \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u51b3\u5305\u62ec\u5370\u5ea6\u5efa\u56fd\u540e\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u67a2\u5bc6\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n

[42] Report of the Land Acquisition Review Committee on Land Acquisition Act, 1894, Government of India, Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Community Development and Cooperation, 1971, p. 168.[43] Section 3f, Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1984. https:\/\/www.casemine.com\/act\/in\/5a979dd44a93263ca60b74be#1001_1_FN0001.<\/a>[44] Section 15, Land Ac<\/p>\n

quisition (Amendment) Act, 1984. https:\/\/www.casemine.com\/act\/in\/5a979dd44a93263ca60b74be#1001_1_FN0001.<\/a>[45] Section 9, Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1984. https:\/\/www.casemine.com\/act\/in\/5a979dd44a93263ca60b74be#1001_1_FN0001.<\/a>[46] \u5305\u62ec\u516c\u53f8\u4ece\u4e8b\u5177\u6709\u516c\u5171\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u548c\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u5efa\u7acb\u5382\u623f\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n

[47] Walter Fernandes, \u201cIndia\u2019s Forced Displacement Policy and Practice: Is Compensation up to Its Functions?\u201d, in Michael M. Cernea and Hari Mohan Mathur eds., Can Compensation Prevent Impoverishment?<\/p>\n

Reforming Resettlement through Investment and Benefit-Sharing, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008, p.15.[48] Sebastian Morris & Ajay Pandey, \u201cLand Markets in India: Distortions and Issues\u201d, in 3i Network eds., India Infrastructure Report 2009: Land- A Critical Resource for Infrastructure, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp.13-19<\/p>\n

.[49] \u201cNaxabari Ripple in Nandigram\u201d, The Times of India, May 20, 2017, https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/home\/sunday-times\/deep-focus\/naxalbari-ripple-in-nandigram\/articleshow\/2061949.cms.<\/a>[50] \u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u51b2\u7a81\u6700\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u53ef\u89c1Kenneth Bo Nielsen, Land Dispossession and Everyday Politics in Rural Eastern India, London and New York: Anthem Press, 2018\u3002<\/p>\n

[51] \u201cLand Takeover Delays May Cost Projects Worth $100 Bn: Report\u201d, Hindustan Times, October 6, 2009, https:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/business\/land-takeover-delays-may-cost-projects-worth-100-bn-report\/story-qC2jkV2dTYvieaCNODTpzL.html.<\/a>[52] \u5173\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u65b0\u5f81\u5730\u6cd5\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1Charanjit Singh, \u201cThe RFCTLARR Act-2013: Some Reflections\u201d, ASCI Journal of Management, vol.44, no. 1, 2014, pp.11-16\u3002<\/p>\n

[53] Section 2, The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/2121\/1\/A2013-30.pdf#search=land%20acquisition%20rehabilitation%20act%202013.<\/a>[54] \u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d77\u8349\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u3001\u5f53\u65f6\u4efb\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u519c\u6751\u53d1\u5c55\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u62c9\u6885\u4ec0\uff08Jairam Ramesh\uff09\u79f0\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e3a\u201c\u4ee5\u6743\u5229\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c2\u89c1Jairam Ramesh and Muhammad Ali, Legislating for Justice: The Making of the 2013 Land Acquisition Law, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2015, p.3\u3002[55] Shishir Mathur, \u201cSelf-Financing Urbanization: Insights from the Use of Town Planning Schemes in Ahmadabad, India\u201d, Cities, vol.31, April 1, 2013, pp.308-316;<\/p>\n

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ode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/2121\/1\/A2013-30.pdf#search=land%20acquisition%20rehabilitation%20act%202013.[57] Section 26, The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, p.24, https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/2121\/1\/A2013-30.pdf#search=land%20acquisition%20rehabilitat<\/a><\/p>\n

ion%20act%202013.[58] Section 104, The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, p. 43, https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/2121\/1\/A2013-30.pdf#search=land%20acquisition%20rehabilitation%20act%202013.<\/a>[59] \u6709\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c1980\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u4ec5\u670917.9\u4e07\u4e2a\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u540e\uff0c\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6570\u91cf\u6025\u5267\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u57282010\u5e74\u5219\u8fbe\u5230113.5\u4e07\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5173\u4e8e\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u5b98\u65b9\u4fdd\u5bc6\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1U. C. Agarwal, \u201cThe Official Secret Act to the Right to Information Act Dawn of \u2018Glasnost\u2019\u201d, Indian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 55, no. 3, 2009, pp.336-345\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb\uff1a\u9ec4\u8fce\u8679\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u91d1\u5fb7\u5c14\u5168\u7403\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u8f7d\u81ea\u201c\u5357\u4e9a\u89c2\u5bdf\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f72026\u5e742\u670826\u65e5\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u539f\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u3008\u5357\u4e9a\u5b66\u3009\uff5c\u9ec4\u8fce\u8679\uff1a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5f81\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u6539\u9769\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u5357\u4e9a\u5b66\u300b\u7b2c6\u8f91\u3002\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u4f59\u4f73\u8f69\u5ba1\u6838\uff1a\u5355\u654f\u654f \u6c5f\u6021<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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