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Hirjee\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u8fbe\u8fea\u00b7\u66fc\u5207\u8d6b\u5c14\u6cbb\uff08Dady Muncherjee\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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E. Khambatta\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e1803\u5e74\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u548c\u5b5f\u4e70\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u8fc1\u5f80\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u8981\u585e\u533a\u53ca\u5176\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u5546\u52a1\u533a\u8d1d\u5854\u533a\u5f00\u529e\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdb\u53e3\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u7387\u5148\u63a8\u52a8\u8517\u7cd6\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7684\u9500\u552e\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ee5\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u9996\u4f4d\u5e15\u897f\u65cf\u8fa9\u62a4\u5f8b\u5e08\u7eb3\u91cc\u66fc\u00b7\u4e54\u514b\u897f\uff08Nariman K. Choksy\uff09\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c1947\u20141950\u5e74\u77ed\u77ed\u56db\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5148\u540e\u5386\u7ecf\u201c\u5fa1\u7528\u5927\u5f8b\u5e08\u201d\u201c\u65e0\u56fd\u7c4d\u4eba\u58eb\u201d\u201c\u6770\u51fa\u516c\u6c11\u201d\u4e09\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u5f97\u4ee5\u7aa5\u89c1\u5370\u5ea6\u88d4\u79fb\u6c11\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u5fae\u5c0f\u65cf\u7fa4\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6fc0\u53d8\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7ecf\u5386\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c03\u6574\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u88d4\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6cd5\u6848\u4ee5\u9f13\u52b1\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u4f4d\u9ad8\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u8d21\u732e\u5927\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\u7559\u5728\u8be5\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u6cd5\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c\u4ee5\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u79fb\u6c11\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\u5728\u6446\u8131\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u540e\u4e9f\u5f85\u9009\u62e9\u56fd\u7c4d\u548c\u786e\u7acb\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u72ec\u7acb\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u53d1\u8be5\u56fd\u5c06\u8fd150%\u7684\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u91cd\u8fd4\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u7c4d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u4eba\u53e3\u9510\u51cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c1956\u5e74\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u50e7\u4f3d\u7f57\u8bed\u53d6\u4ee3\u82f1\u8bed\u6210\u4e3a\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u552f\u4e00\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u50e7\u4f3d\u7f57\u4f5b\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u7b49\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5747\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\u3002\u7cbe\u901a\u82f1\u8bed\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u7684\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u4e3a\u8c0b\u6c42\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u673a\u4f1a\u79fb\u6c11\u81f3\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b49\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u53e3\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5927\u5e45\u7f29\u51cf\u30022024\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u53e3\u5927\u7ea630\u4eba\uff0c\u9521\u5170\u5e15\u897f\u534f\u4f1a\u73b0\u4efb\u53d7\u6258\u4eba\u662f\u963f\u73ed\u00b7\u4f69\u65af\u540c\u6cbb\uff08Aban P. Pestonjee\uff09\u3001\u7d22\u529b\u00b7\u51ef\u666e\u987f\uff08Sohli E. Captain\uff09\u3001\u7ef4\u4ec0\u5854\u65af\u666e\u00b7\u4e54\u514b\u897f\uff08Vishtasp K. Choksy\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f69\u65af\u540c\u6cbb\u3001\u51ef\u666e\u987f\u3001\u4e54\u514b\u897f\u5bb6\u65cf\u662f21\u4e16\u7eaa\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin:1.8em 0 .75em;padding-left:12px;border-left:4px solid #2f5d9f;font-size:1.18em;line-height:1.55;font-weight:700;color:#14213d;\">\u4e8c\u3001\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u5f62\u6210\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5370\u5ea6\u88d4\u79fb\u6c11\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u548c\u5b5f\u4e70\u5730\u533a\u5546\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u81f3\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5370\u5ea6\u88d4\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u591a\u5143\u65cf\u7fa4\u5b97\u6559\u6587\u5316\u4f53\u3002\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u5438\u5f15\u5927\u6279\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u5411\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u79fb\u6c11\u4ee5\u8c0b\u6c42\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u8fc1\u81f3\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u5927\u7c7b\uff0c\u5373\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u52b3\u5de5\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u5357\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6cf0\u7c73\u5c14\u4eba\uff09\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u79fb\u6c11\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u533b\u52a1\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u3001\u804c\u5458\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u7b49\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u79fb\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u90a6\u548c\u5b5f\u4e70\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u524d\u5f80\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5f00\u8f9f\u8d38\u6613\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u80a1\u5546\u4e1a\u79fb\u6c11\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u3001\u6ce2\u54c8\u62c9\u4eba\uff08Bohras\uff09\u3001\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u4eba\uff08Gujaratis\uff09\u3001\u6885\u8499\u4eba\uff08Memons\uff09\u3001\u4fe1\u5fb7\u4eba\uff08Sindhis\uff09\u3001\u970d\u52a0\u4eba\uff08Khojas\uff09\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u662f\u8be5\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u6700\u65e9\u5b9a\u5c45\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7684\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u7684\u8fd9\u6279\u5546\u4eba\u517c\u6709\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u7b49\u591a\u5143\u5b97\u6559\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6765\u81ea\u76f8\u540c\u5730\u57df\u3001\u4ece\u4e8b\u76f8\u540c\u804c\u4e1a\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u5408\u4f5c\u6784\u5efa\u804c\u4e1a\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8be5\u79fb\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u8005\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5546\u8d38\u6d3b\u52a8\u8054\u7cfb\u6700\u4e3a\u7d27\u5bc6\uff0c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u88d4\u5546\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u9996\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">20\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u5370\u5ea6\u5546\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u51ef\u970d\u65af\u9646\u00b7\u4e54\u514b\u897f\uff08Kaikhushroo D. Choksy\uff09\u88ab\u63a8\u9009\u4e3a\u9996\u4efb\u4f1a\u957f\uff0c\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5370\u5ea6\u88d4\u5546\u4eba\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u5370\u5ea6\u88d4\u79fb\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u53ef\u89c1\u4e00\u6591\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u88d4\u79fb\u6c11\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cf0\u7c73\u5c14\u4eba\u52b3\u5de5\u6570\u91cf\u6700\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5bf9\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5370\u5ea6\u6cf0\u7c73\u5c14\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u6cd5\u548c\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u662f\u8be5\u56fd\u53d7\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5f71\u54cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6700\u6df1\u3001\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u63a5\u53d7\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u4e92\u60e0\u4e92\u5229\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u7e41\u8363\u548c\u8870\u5fae\u8fc7\u7a0b\u90fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7279\u6b8a\u5386\u53f2\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u3001\u897f\u65b9\u5316\u3001\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u4e4b\u540e\u79fb\u6c11\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u82f1\u5f0f\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u7cbe\u901a\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u7559\u5b66\u7ecf\u5386\u3002\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u6df1\u5ea6\u6b27\u5316\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5546\u8d38\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u52a9\u76ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5176\u8d62\u5f97\u8f83\u9ad8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u521b\u9020\u6709\u5229\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1839\u5e74\u9996\u5c4a\u9521\u5170\u5546\u4f1a\u53ec\u5f00\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u4ec5\u670911\u5bb6\u5546\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u83b7\u5f97\u8d44\u683c\u53c2\u4f1a\uff0c\u9664\u4e862\u5bb6\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u5168\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u8fd9\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u4f19\u4f34\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4f8b\u8bc1\u662f\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u65af\u987f\uff08Alexander Johnston\uff09\u5728\u5199\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u4e9a\u6d32\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5b9a\u5c45\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u9a6c\u62c9\u5df4\u5c14\u4eba\u3001\u4f4e\u5730\u50e7\u4f3d\u7f57\u4eba\u3001\u9ad8\u5730\u50e7\u4f3d\u7f57\u4eba\u3001\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3001\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u4eba\u6570\u5e76\u4e0d\u5360\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e66\u5199\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4eab\u6709\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u867d\u7136\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u79fb\u6c11\u624d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u5ea6\u9ad8\uff0c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u611f\u9ad8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u5907\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u8eab\u4efd\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u540e\u4ee3\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u4e0e\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u9010\u6b65\u878d\u5165\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u5bf9\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u611f\u548c\u5f52\u5c5e\u611f\u3002\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0d\u4e45\u540e\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5802\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u4fee\u5efa\u5de5\u7a0b\u62c9\u5f00\u5e8f\u5e55\uff0c\u5728\u8d1f\u8d23\u603b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u76848\u540d\u8457\u540d\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u4e2d\uff0c2\u4f4d\u90fd\u662f\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u65f6\u4efb\u56fd\u5bb6\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u970d\u7c73\u00b7\u6bd4\u5229\u83ab\u91cc\u4e9a\uff08Homi F. Billimoria\uff09\u548c\u52a9\u7406\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u970d\u5c14\u6728\u5179\u6cbb\u00b7\u6bd4\u5229\u83ab\u91cc\u4e9a\uff08Hormusji J. Billimoria\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6211\u4eec\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u548c\u8c10\u5171\u5904\uff0c\u5c3d\u529b\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u7e41\u8363\u8d21\u732e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u3002\u5386\u7ecf20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e94\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u50e7\u4f3d\u7f57\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u4ecd\u9009\u62e9\u7559\u5c45\u7684\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u611f\u548c\u5f52\u5c5e\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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Careem\uff09\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e3a\u201c\u4f5c\u51fa\u5de8\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5546\u8d38\u9886\u57df\u5386\u6765\u662f\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9635\u5730\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u4e43\u81f3\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u8f6c\u578b\u90fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7684\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\u4e3b\u8981\u638c\u63a7\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u96f6\u552e\u4e1a\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u548c\u8fdb\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\u5206\u522b\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5496\u5561\u3001\u8336\u53f6\u3001\u6a61\u80f6\u7b49\u51fa\u53e3\u8d27\u7269\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u57fa\u672c\u9762\u5411\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e3b\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u51fa\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u638c\u63a7\uff1b\u5927\u7c73\u3001\u9762\u7c89\u3001\u9c7c\u5236\u54c1\u3001\u68c9\u7eba\u7ec7\u54c1\u7b49\u8fdb\u53e3\u8d27\u7269\u591a\u4ea7\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u8fdb\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u5370\u5ea6\u5546\u4eba\u7ecf\u8425\u3002\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u5546\u4eba\u4ece\u4e8b\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4e4f\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e3b\u548c\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f5c\u7269\u51fa\u53e3\u5546\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u6709\u7eb3\u91cc\u66fc\u6cbb\u00b7\u970d\u5c14\u6728\u5179\u6cbb\uff08Narimanjee E. Hormazjee\uff09\u3001\u82cf\u62c9\u5e03\u6cbb\u00b7\u5f8b\u6566\u6cbb\uff08Sorabjee Ruttonjee\uff09\u3001\u79d1\u74e6\u65af\u6cbb\u00b7\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u74e6\u62c9\uff08Cowasjee E. Colombowalla\uff09\u7b49\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u5546\u4eba\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5728\u4e8e\u63a8\u52a8\u5357\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u3001\u9a6c\u5c14\u4ee3\u592b\u4e09\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u6d41\u901a\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u786e\u4fdd\u4e9a\u975e\u6b27\u4e09\u5927\u6d32\u8d38\u6613\u8d27\u7269\u7684\u7545\u901a\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u6700\u8d1f\u76db\u540d\u7684\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u516c\u53f8\u5f53\u6570\u5f17\u5170\u59c6\u6cbb\u00b7\u6bd4\u5361\u6cbb\u516c\u53f8\uff08Framjee Bhikhajee and Company\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u5f17\u6bd4\u516c\u53f8\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u7531\u53ef\u6c57\u5bb6\u65cf\u5728\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u521b\u529e\uff0c\u603b\u90e8\u8bbe\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5b5f\u4e70\uff0c1890\u5e74\u5165\u9009\u9521\u5170\u5546\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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Muncherjee\uff09\u548c\u51ef\u970d\u65af\u9646\u00b7\u4e54\u514b\u897f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\u6781\u5927\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u7684\u8239\u52a1\u4ee3\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u6c7d\u8f6e\u516c\u53f8\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u8239\u8236\u8fd0\u8f93\u4e1a\u52a1\u4ea4\u7531\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5f53\u5730\u79c1\u4eba\u8239\u52a1\u4ee3\u7406\u516c\u53f8\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u524d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8239\u52a1\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8fd0\u8425\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u4eba\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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Dadabhoy\uff09\u5f15\u8fdb\u84b8\u6c7d\u822a\u8fd0\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u7164\u70ad\u8239\u8fd0\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u9a6c\u62c9\u5df4\u5c14\u6d77\u5cb8\u3001\u9521\u5170\u3001\u722a\u54c7\u5c9b\u7b49\u5730\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u5546\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u8239\u52a1\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u8d44\u91d1\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u7b49\u90fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6e90\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u9010\u6b65\u62d3\u5c55\u5bb6\u65cf\u4ea7\u4e1a\u8425\u4e1a\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e3b\u8425\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u8239\u8236\u5236\u9020\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5409\u62c9\uff08Jilla\uff09\u3001\u6bd4\u5229\u83ab\u91cc\u4e9a\uff08Billimoria\uff09\u3001\u51ef\u666e\u987f\u7b49\u5e15\u897f\u5bb6\u65cf\u8fd8\u6d89\u8db3\u6930\u5b50\u6cb9\u70bc\u5316\u3001\u70d8\u7119\u98df\u54c1\u52a0\u5de5\u3001\u7eba\u7ec7\u54c1\u52a0\u5de5\u3001\u670d\u88c5\u5e72\u6d17\u7b49\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8f6c\u5411\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u56fd\u5185\u91d1\u878d\u4e1a\u3001\u4fdd\u9669\u4e1a\u3001\u5a31\u4e50\u4e1a\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e3a\u63d0\u5347\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u8d21\u732e\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u53e3\u5267\u51cf\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u53d1\u5c55\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u9009\u62e9\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u7ee7\u7eed\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u8868\u73b0\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u51ef\u666e\u987f\u5bb6\u65cf\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u91d1\u878d\u5546\u5708\u53ef\u8c13\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5df4\u83f2\u7279\u201d\u7684\u7d22\u529b\u00b7\u51ef\u666e\u987f\uff0c2005\u5e74\u56e0\u5176\u5728\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u6148\u5584\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5353\u8d8a\u8d21\u732e\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u201c\u5fb7\u6c99\u66fc\u4e9a\u201d\u56fd\u5bb6\u8363\u8a89\u79f0\u53f7\uff0c\u65f6\u4efb\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u603b\u7edf\u94b1\u5fb7\u91cc\u5361\u00b7\u73ed\u8fbe\u62c9\u5948\u514b\u00b7\u5e93\u9a6c\u62c9\u901a\u52a0\uff08Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga\uff09\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e3a\u5176\u9881\u53d1\u5956\u7ae0\u30022019\u5e74\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u56fd\u9645\u5546\u4f1a\u6388\u4e88\u7d22\u529b\u00b7\u51ef\u666e\u987f\u201c\u5e74\u5ea6\u5546\u4e1a\u6210\u5c31\u5956\u201d\u65f6\u5982\u6b64\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u5411\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5546\u4e1a\u9886\u8896\u81f4\u656c\uff0c\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u4ed6\u53d6\u5f97\u65e0\u4e0e\u4f26\u6bd4\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u627f\u53d7\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u98ce\u96e8\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5e1d\u56fd\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u662f\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u4eca\u5546\u4e1a\u4e16\u754c\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u9886\u8896\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u201d\u7d22\u529b\u00b7\u51ef\u666e\u987f\u662f\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u8bc1\u5238\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\uff08CSE\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u4e8c\u53f7\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u8be5\u56e2\u961f\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u8bc1\u5238\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u548c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u80a1\u4ef7\u5e02\u573a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5173\u952e\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u638c\u63a7\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u6392\u540d\u524d40\u7684\u4e0a\u5e02\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5176\u6295\u8d44\u6d89\u53ca\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5409\u5c14\u65af\u63a7\u80a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\uff08JKH\uff09\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u5de5\u4e1a\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u63a7\u80a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\uff08CIC Holdings\uff09\u7b49\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u8457\u540d\u4e0a\u5e02\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4ee5\u7d22\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u5973\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u51ef\u666e\u987f\u5bb6\u65cf\u662fJKH\u548cCIC\u4f01\u4e1a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7c4d\u80a1\u4e1c\u3002\u57282011\u5e74\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5bcc\u8c6a\u6392\u884c\u699c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7d22\u529b\u6392\u540d<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6301\u80a1\u4ef7\u503c\u5c06\u8fd1304\u4ebf\u5362\u6bd4\uff0c\u7d22\u529b\u7684\u5973\u513f\u4e3d\u624e\u00b7\u51ef\u666e\u987f\uff08Liza Captain\uff09\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u5341\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7d22\u529b\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u9c81\u897f\u00b7\u51ef\u666e\u987f\uff08Rusi Captain\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u77e5\u540d\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u3001\u6295\u8d44\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e9a\u6d32\u80a1\u7968\u7ecf\u6d4e\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u8d44\u672c\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u8054\u76df\u7684\u8054\u5408\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u517c\u4efbCIC\u3001\u54c8\u987f\u56fd\u5bb6\u94f6\u884c\uff08HNB\uff09\u7b49\u4e0a\u5e02\u516c\u53f8\u4ee5\u53ca\u591a\u5bb6\u79c1\u8425\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u3002\u51ef\u666e\u987f\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u9886\u57df\u6d89\u53ca\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u3001\u94f6\u884c\u3001\u670d\u88c5\u3001\u6cb9\u6f06\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u5851\u6599\u5236\u54c1\u3001\u5236\u836f\u7b49\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\u4ecd\u4e3a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u8bc1\u5238\u4ea4\u6613\u53d1\u6325\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u4ee5\u963f\u73ed\u00b7\u4f69\u65af\u540c\u6cbb\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u4f69\u65af\u540c\u6cbb\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e5f\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8be5\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e8e1968\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\uff08Abans Group\uff09\u5982\u4eca\u5df2\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u89c4\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u7684\u96f6\u552e\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e3a\u5386\u7ecf\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u7684\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u91cd\u632f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f5c\u51fa\u5de8\u5927\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u8fd8\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u53d8\u9769\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u591a\u5143\u5316\u4e1a\u52a1\u6d89\u53ca\u96f6\u552e\u3001\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u3001\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u3001\u7269\u6d41\u3001\u73af\u5883\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u91d1\u878d\u3001\u9152\u5e97\u4e1a\u7b49\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u5f15\u8fdb\u56fd\u9645\u77e5\u540d\u54c1\u724c\u548c\u5148\u8fdb\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u6d88\u8d39\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u9886\u5934\u7f8a\u3002\u8be5\u96c6\u56e2\u9075\u5faa\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u64c5\u957f\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u8de8\u5883\u7535\u5b50\u5546\u52a1\u96f6\u552e\u8fdb\u53e3\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u5bf9\u8c61\u6db5\u76d6\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u3001\u6cf0\u56fd\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b49\u56fd\u30021977\u5e74\u8d77\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9e\u884c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\u7387\u5148\u5f15\u5165\u4f0a\u83b1\u514b\u65af\u3001\u80e1\u4f5b\u3001\u9886\u8c6a\u3001LG\u7535\u5b50\u7b49\u5168\u7403\u5bb6\u7528\u7535\u5668\u9886\u5148\u54c1\u724c\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u6539\u5584\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5bb6\u5c45\u751f\u6d3b\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1998\u5e74\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\u7387\u5148\u5c06\u9ea6\u5f53\u52b3\u5f15\u5165\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5f00\u521b\u56fd\u9645\u98df\u54c1\u8fde\u9501\u5e97\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u8005\u30022021\u5e74\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\u5168\u8d44\u6536\u8d2d\u65b0\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5927\u53a6\uff08CCC\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u5546\u4e1a\u7efc\u5408\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u8c6a\u534e\u516c\u5bd3\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u8d2d\u7269\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u7f8e\u98df\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u9152\u5e97\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5316\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u533a\u57df\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5168\u9762\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u622a\u81f3\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u95e8\u5e97\u6570\u91cf\u8d85\u8fc7400\u5bb6\uff0c\u96c6\u56e2\u5458\u5de5\u8d85\u8fc710000\u4eba\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u591a\u6570\u4e3a\u50e7\u4f3d\u7f57\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u7531\u4f69\u65af\u540c\u6cbb\u5bb6\u65cf\u5b9e\u9645\u638c\u6743\uff0c\u57287\u540d\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4e2d\u67094\u4f4d\u90fd\u662f\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u517c\u73b0\u4efb\u603b\u88c1\u662f\u963f\u73ed\u5973\u58eb\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5728\u5546\u8d38\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u6210\u5c31\u8363\u83b7\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u591a\u9879\u5927\u5956\uff0c2000\u5e74\u83b7\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5987\u5973\u5de5\u5546\u4f1a\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u201c\u5e74\u5ea6\u5973\u6027\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5956\u201d\u548c\u5357\u76df\u5987\u5973\u534f\u4f1a\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u201c\u6770\u51fa\u5973\u6027\u6210\u5c31\u5956\u201d\uff0c2006\u5e74\u83b7\u4e16\u754c\u5973\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u201c\u5e74\u5ea6\u4e16\u754c\u6770\u51fa\u5973\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5956\u201d\u3002\u963f\u73ed\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u8428\u7f57\u897f\u00b7\u675c\u5df4\u65af\uff08Saroshi Dubash\uff09\u3001\u8d1d\u8d6b\u66fc\u00b7\u4f69\u65af\u540c\u6cbb\uff08Behman P. Pestonjee\uff09\u3001\u9c81\u897f\u00b7\u4f69\u65af\u540c\u6cbb\uff08Rusi P. Pestonjee\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u6267\u884c\u7ecf\u7406\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u804c\u52a1\u3002\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\u95e8\u5e97\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u5b63\u98ce\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u4e3a\u8be5\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7acb\u4e0b\u6c57\u9a6c\u529f\u52b3\u3002\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u4ece\u5546\u754c\u8de8\u5165\u653f\u754c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6700\u5148\u662f\u4ece\u53c2\u52a0\u5e02\u653f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\uff0c1902\u5e74\u8d77\u4ee5\u53ef\u6c57\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u591a\u540d\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u76f8\u7ee7\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u5e02\u653f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f69\u65af\u540c\u6cbb\u00b7\u53ef\u6c57\uff08Pestonjee D. Khan\uff09\u3001\u66fc\u5207\u8d6b\u5c14\u6cbb\u00b7\u53ef\u6c57\uff08Muncherjee F. Khan\uff09\u3001\u6bd4\u5361\u6cbb\u00b7\u53ef\u6c57\uff08Bhikhajee F. Khan\uff09\u3001\u6770\u6c49\u5409\u5c14\u6cbb\u00b7\u970d\u5c14\u6728\u5179\u6cbb\uff08Jehangirjee Hormusjee\uff09\u3001\u6cd5\u62c9\u59c6\u82e5\u6cfd\u00b7\u8fbe\u8fbe\u535a\u4f0a\uff08Faramroze Dadabhoy\uff09\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1923\u5e74\uff0c\u53ef\u6c57\u5bb6\u65cf\u51fa\u8d44\u4fee\u5efa\u53ef\u6c57\u949f\u5854\uff0c\u5854\u4e0a\u7891\u6587\u660e\u786e\u8bb0\u8f7d\u8fd9\u662f\u4ee5\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u5e02\u653f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u6350\u8d60\u7ed9\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u8fd9\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u5f53\u65f6\u53ef\u6c57\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u96c4\u539a\u8d22\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u5e02\u653f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u53ef\u6c57\u949f\u5854\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u662f\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u5730\u6807\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u8457\u540d\u65c5\u6e38\u666f\u70b9\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u914d\u6709\u770b\u62a4\u3001\u4fdd\u6d01\u548c\u7ef4\u4fee\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u53ef\u6c57\u949f\u5854\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u53ef\u6c57\u5bb6\u65cf\u5df2\u88ab\u6c11\u4f17\u9057\u5fd8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u6839\u57fa\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u53ef\u6c57\u5bb6\u65cf\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u53ef\u6c57\u949f\u5854\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u5b63\u98ce\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u53ef\u6c57\u949f\u5854\u7684\u7891\u6587\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u5b63\u98ce\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u4e54\u514b\u897f\u5bb6\u65cf\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u653f\u6cd5\u754c\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8be5\u5bb6\u65cf\u56db\u4ee3\u4eba\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u624e\u6839\u81f3\u4eca\u5df2\u6709140\u5e74\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u51ef\u970d\u65af\u9646\u00b7\u4e54\u514b\u897f\uff081863\u20141938\u5e74\uff09\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u82cf\u62c9\u7279\uff0c1884\u5e74\u56e0\u5f17\u6bd4\u516c\u53f8\u5370\u5ea6\u5b5f\u4e70\u603b\u90e8\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u4e1a\u52a1\u88ab\u6d3e\u5f80\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4f1a\u8ba1\u3001\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u4ee3\u7406\u5f8b\u5e08\u7b49\u804c\u52a1\uff0c\u540e\u62c5\u4efb\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u5370\u5ea6\u5546\u4f1a\u9996\u4efb\u4f1a\u957f\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5f00\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u4e8e1931\u5e74\u8bbf\u65af\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u51ef\u970d\u65af\u9646\u4ee3\u8868\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5370\u5ea6\u88d4\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e88\u4ee5\u63a5\u5f85\u5e76\u81f4\u6b22\u8fce\u8f9e\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u6210\u5c31\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u4ee5\u53ca\u8eab\u4efd\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u65af\u5370\u4e24\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u4e8c\u4eba\u9009\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u7eb3\u91cc\u66fc\u00b7\u4e54\u514b\u897f\uff081898\u20141975\u5e74\uff09\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\uff0c\u662f\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u72ec\u7acb\u524d\u540e\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u548c\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u88ab\u65f6\u4efb\u603b\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\u8d5e\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u56db\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u7684\u56db\u5de8\u5934\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ed6\u4e8e1947\u5e74\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u5fa1\u7528\u5927\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c1950\u5e74\u88ab\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u6388\u4e88\u201c\u6770\u51fa\u516c\u6c11\u201d\u79f0\u53f7\uff0c1951\u5e74\u664b\u5347\u4e3a\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ee3\u7406\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u62c5\u4efb\u9521\u5170\u7eb3\u7a0e\u4eba\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3001\u571f\u5730\u5f81\u6536\u5ba1\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u8c03\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u7b49\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u653f\u754c\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u300a\u4e54\u514b\u897f\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u4ee5\u5176\u59d3\u6c0f\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u5145\u5206\u8bf4\u660e\u7eb3\u91cc\u66fc\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u51ef\u5c14\u6c99\u601d\u666e\u00b7\u4e54\u514b\u897f\uff08Kairshasp N. Choksy\uff0c1933\u20142015\u5e74\uff09\u53ef\u8c13\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u653f\u6cd5\u754c\u6210\u5c31\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u9886\u519b\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e1958\u5e74\u53d6\u5f97\u5f8b\u5e08\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u5e02\u6c11\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u62c5\u4efb\u9996\u5e2d\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c1981\u5e74\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u603b\u7edf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u62c5\u4efb\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3001\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u53ca\u591a\u56fd\u9a7b\u65af\u4f7f\u9986\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\uff0c1986\u5e74\u66fe\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u6210\u5458\u51fa\u5e2d\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5927\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1989\u5e74\u4ed6\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u540d\u5355\u4e13\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u4e13\u5bb6\u9884\u7559\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u63d0\u540d\u8bae\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u8fdb\u5165\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u57281989\u20142010\u5e74\u95f4\u8fde\u7eed\u62c5\u4efb\u8bae\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u8fd8\u5148\u540e\u62c5\u4efb\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e8b\u52a1\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u804c\u52a1\uff0c\u4e3a\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u4e43\u81f3\u6d89\u5916\u4e8b\u52a1\u90fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\u7ef4\u4ec0\u5854\u65af\u666e\u00b7\u4e54\u514b\u897f\uff081969\u2014\uff09\u5728\u79d1\u4f26\u5761\u4ece\u4e8b\u5f8b\u5e08\u804c\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u4ece\u4e8b\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c2019\u5e74\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u603b\u7edf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u4e5f\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u963f\u73ed\u96c6\u56e2\u65d7\u4e0b\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u3001\u91d1\u94a5\u5319\u4fe1\u7528\u5361\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u3002\u56de\u987e\u72ec\u7acb\u524d\u53ef\u6c57\u5bb6\u65cf\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u4e54\u514b\u897f\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5e15\u897f\u4eba\u4ece\u5546\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u5411\u653f\u6cd5\u5916\u4ea4\u9886\u57df\u8de8\u754c\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd8\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5230\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u4ece\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u3001\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u5185\u90e8\u4e8b\u52a1\u5411\u5916\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u9010\u6b65\u62d3\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6301\u7eed\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u76f4\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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