{"id":5532,"date":"2025-08-02T23:31:42","date_gmt":"2025-08-02T15:31:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/?p=5532"},"modified":"2025-08-02T23:31:42","modified_gmt":"2025-08-02T15:31:42","slug":"%e9%87%8d%e7%a3%85-%e9%82%b1%e6%b0%b8%e8%be%89%e6%95%99%e6%8e%88%e8%ae%bf%e8%b0%88%ef%bc%9a21%e4%b8%96%e7%ba%aa%e4%bb%a5%e6%9d%a5%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e7%9a%84%e5%8d%97%e4%ba%9a%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/?p=5532","title":{"rendered":"\u91cd\u78c5 | \u90b1\u6c38\u8f89\u6559\u6388\u8bbf\u8c08\uff1a21\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"nyyjtx-imported-article\" style=\"max-width:760px;margin:0 auto;color:#1f2933;font-size:17px;line-height:1.95;letter-spacing:0;\">\n<div class=\"wechat-article-meta\" style=\"margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;border-left:4px solid 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u8c03\u7814\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ecd\u7136\u9762\u4e34\u8bf8\u591a\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u77ed\u671f\u770b\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5bf9\u534e\u7b7e\u8bc1\u9650\u5236\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8d74\u5370\u5b9e\u5730\u8c03\u7814\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u770b\u5219\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fdb\u5165\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u9521\u91d1\u90a6\u548c\u4e1c\u5317\u5404\u90a6\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u5730\u8c03\u7814\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5927\u591a\u8f6c\u800c\u5229\u7528\u516c\u5f00\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u4e8c\u624b\u6750\u6599\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin:1.8em 0 .75em;padding-left:12px;border-left:4px solid #2f5d9f;font-size:1.18em;line-height:1.55;font-weight:700;color:#14213d;\">\u4e09\u3001\u56fd\u5916\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u27a4\u66fe\uff1a<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u600e\u6837\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\uff1f\u27a4\u90b1\uff1a\u4ece18\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\u6b96\u6c11\u673a\u6784\u51fa\u4e8e\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\u4e0e\u5c5e\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\u6b96\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7b49\u5f00\u5c55\u5bf9\u5357\u4e9a\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u65cf\u7fa4\u4eba\u53e3\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u7406\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b96\u6c11\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u667a\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u652f\u6491\u3002\u5efa\u7acb\u201c\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u5b66\u4f1a\u201d\uff08Asiatic Society\uff09\u3001\u5f00\u521b\u201c\u5370\u6b27\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u743c\u65af\uff08William Jones\uff09\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u6469\u5974\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u4e0e\u300a\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u6cd5\u300b\u7b49\u6587\u672c\u6210\u4e3a\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u968f\u774019\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u5728\u5357\u4e9a\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u7684\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u4ee5\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14\uff08James Mill\uff09\u3001\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u7f2a\u52d2\uff08Friedrich Max M\u00fcller\uff09\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\uff08Max Weber\uff09\u7b49\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u9010\u6b65\u6380\u8d77\u4ee5\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u7ecf\u5178\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u6587\u660e\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u53d8\u3001\u79cd\u59d3\u5236\u5ea6\u8d77\u6e90\u7b49\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u70ed\u6f6e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u53f2\u5b66\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u300a\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u53f2\u300b\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u5370\u5ea6\u5386\u53f2\u7f16\u64b0\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7f2a\u52d2\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u5723\u4e66\u300b(The Sacred Books of the East)\u4e0e\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff1a\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u4e0e\u4f5b\u6559\u300b\u5206\u522b\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b97\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1857\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u65cf\u5927\u8d77\u4e49\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\u9010\u6e10\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4ec5\u4f9d\u9760\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u672c\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u96be\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u5357\u4e9a\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u90e8\u843d\u3001\u65cf\u7fa4\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08Royal Society\uff09\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6d4b\u91cf\u5c40\uff08Survey of India\uff09\u7b49\u9646\u7eed\u5728\u5357\u4e9a\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u4ee5\u73b0\u4ee3\u6d4b\u7ed8\u6280\u672f\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u666e\u67e5\u3001\u65cf\u7fa4\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u79cd\u59d3\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5357\u4e9a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6df1\u53d7\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u5370\u5ea6\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u201d\u548c\u4ee5\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u201d\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e0e\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u548c\u5148\u8fdb\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b96\u6c11\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u8fa9\u62a4\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u4e00\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fd8\u53d7\u4ee5\u201c\u7406\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u7eb3\u5165\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u7c7b\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u201c\u666e\u904d\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7406\u6027\u5316\u201d\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4f7f\u5176\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u3001\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5357\u4e9a\u672c\u571f\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6b96\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u542f\u8499\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u4f20\u7edf\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u6587\u5316\u3001\u521b\u4f5c\u672c\u571f\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bd5\u56fe\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5524\u9192\u5357\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u8f83\u4e3a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6709\u7f57\u6469\u00b7\u83ab\u6c49\u00b7\u7f57\u6613\uff08Ram Mohan Roy\uff09\u3001\u73ed\u5409\u59c6\u00b7\u94b1\u5fb7\u62c9\u00b7\u67e5\u7279\u5409 (Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay )\u3001\u65af\u74e6\u7c73\u00b7\u7ef4\u97e6\u5361\u5357\u8fbe\uff08\u8fa8\u559c\uff0cSwami Vivekananda\uff09\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5b66\u8005\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff08Karl Marx\uff09\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u5b97\u6559\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u79cd\u59d3\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u6751\u793e\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49\u505a\u51fa\u8fc7\u6df1\u523b\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u5370\u5ea6\u4f20\u7edf\u5b97\u6559\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u96c6\u4e2d\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u300a\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u300b\u300a\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u672a\u6765\u7ed3\u679c\u300b\u7b49\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6b96\u6c11\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7ec6\u5316\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\u9700\u8981\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u5357\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\u4ee5\u4f18\u5316\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u8c03\u8282\u793e\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u201c\u79cd\u59d3\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u628a\u63e1\u5357\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\u5b9e\u73b0\u6709\u6548\u793e\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u5ef6\u7eed\u7edf\u6cbb\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u79cd\u59d3\u5206\u5316\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u3001\u79cd\u59d3\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u9002\u5e94\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u5bf9\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u4ee3\u8868\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u970d\u666e\u00b7\u91cc\u65af\u5229\uff08Herbert Hope Risley\uff09\u3001\u6208\u6587\u5fb7\u00b7\u8428\u8fbe\u5e0c\u592b\u00b7\u53e4\u91cc\u8036\uff08Govind Sadashiv Ghurye\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\u65e5\u76ca\u4e25\u82db\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5265\u524a\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u4e0e\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u9a71\u52a8\u4e86\u8fbe\u8fbe\u62dc\u00b7\u7459\u7f57\u5409\uff08Dadabhai Naoroji\uff09\u3001\u7f57\u6885\u4ec0\u00b7\u675c\u7279\uff08Romesh Dutt\uff09\u7b49\u5bf9\u519c\u6751\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6751\u793e\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u571f\u5730\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u519c\u6751\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6b96\u6c11\u7a0e\u6536\u653f\u7b56\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\u4e0e\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u5206\u6790\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u7840\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5e95\u8272\uff0c\u5357\u4e9a\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u9ad8\u6da8\u4f7f\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5357\u4e9a\u672c\u571f\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u5458\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u62b5\u5236\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0e\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u6297\u4e89\u3001\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u4e0e\u9547\u538b\u3001\u65b0\u5174\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u91cd\u70b9\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5723\u96c4\u7518\u5730\u5728\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u81ea\u6cbb\u300b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u81ea\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u54f2\u5b66\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u9610\u91ca\uff1b\u8428\u74e6\u5c14\u5361\uff08V\u00b7D\u00b7Savarkar\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8981\u4e49\u300b\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\u56fd\u9645\u6743\u529b\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u3001\u51b7\u6218\u683c\u5c40\u4e0b\u7684\u7f8e\u82cf\u535a\u5f08\u4ee5\u53ca1947\u5e74\u7684\u5370\u5df4\u5206\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f7f\u5370\u5df4\u7684\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u5185\u90e8\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u7b49\u653f\u6cbb\u5916\u4ea4\u8bae\u9898\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u5b66\u754c\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u53d7\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u519b\u4e8b\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u3001\u798f\u7279\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7b49\u79c1\u4eba\u673a\u6784\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca1958\u5e74\u300a\u56fd\u9632\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u5185\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5730\u533a\u7814\u7a76\uff08Area Study\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u7ee7\u82f1\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u9ad8\u5730\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4ee5\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u51b2\u7a81\u7406\u8bba\u7b49\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5370\u5df4\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u7f8e\u5df4\u519b\u4e8b\u540c\u76df\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u7ed3\u76df\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u6838\u6269\u6563\u3001\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u5b66\u8005\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u79d1\u6069\uff08Stephen Cohen\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u519b\u961f\u300b\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u519b\u4e8b\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5bf9\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u5916\u4ea4\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u00b7\u9c81\u9053\u592b\uff08Lloyd Rudolph\uff09\u592b\u5987\u3001\u62c9\u5409\u5c3c\u00b7\u79d1\u5854\u91cc(Rajni Kothari)\u3001\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u65af\uff08Paul Brass\uff09\u7b49\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u89d2\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u5370\u5df4\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u8896\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u5efa\u6784\u3001\u5206\u6cbb\u9057\u7559\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u7d22\u7eb3\uff08Daniel Thorner\uff09\u3001\u5f17\u6717\u8f9b\u00b7\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u5c14\uff08Francine Frankel\uff09\u7b49\u91c7\u7528\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5370\u5df4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u6539\u9769\u3001\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u5df4\u63f4\u52a9\u3001\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u745e\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d21\u7eb3\u00b7\u7f2a\u8fbe\u5c14\uff08Gunnar Myrdal\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u5341\u5e74\u8c03\u67e5\u5199\u5c31\u4e86\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u5357\u4e9a\u53d1\u5c55\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u4e09\u5377\u672c\u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u620f\u5267\uff1a\u5bf9\u7a77\u56f0\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u300b\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u57df\uff0cM\u00b7N\u00b7\u65af\u91cc\u5c3c\u74e6\u65af\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u68b5\u5316\u201d\uff08Sanskritisation\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u5bb0\u5236\u79cd\u59d3\u201d\uff08Dominant caste\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u675c\u8499\uff08Louis Dumont\uff09\u5219\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u9636\u5e8f\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u79cd\u59d3\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u51b2\u7a81\u5bf9\u5357\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5c42\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5bf9\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\uff08\u9521\u5170\uff09\u3001\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u3001\u4e0d\u4e39\u548c\u9a6c\u5c14\u4ee3\u592b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u591a\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5185\u90e8\u65cf\u7fa4\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u4e60\u4fd7\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u6210\u4e3a\u5916\u754c\u4e86\u89e3\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u8f83\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u00b7\u674e\u5947\uff08Edmund Leach\uff09\u5bf9\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u4e61\u6751\u571f\u5730\u4e0e\u4eb2\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u5bb6\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u592b\u00b7\u6d77\u95e8\u591a\u592b\uff08Christoph\u00b7Haimendorf\uff09\u5bf9\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u5728\u5185\u7684\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5730\u533a\u90e8\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u53d7\u5357\u4e9a\u5185\u90e8\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u9769\u3001\u5168\u7403\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u8303\u5f0f\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u5173\u6ce8\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u533a\u57df\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u6279\u5224\u4e0e\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u51b7\u6218\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u8c03\u6574\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u5370\u5df4\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u201c\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u3001\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u65cf\u7fa4\u51b2\u7a81\u7b49\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u6210\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u4ee3\u8868\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u963f\u4f0a\u838e\u00b7\u8d3e\u62c9\u5c14\uff08Ayesha Jalal\uff09\u3001\u9c81\u7eb3\u514b\u00b7\u8d3e\u6c49\uff08Rounaq Jahan\uff09\u54c8\u59c6\u624e\u00b7\u827e\u7ef4 \uff08Hamza Alvi\uff09\u3001\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u00b7\u9f50\u6797\uff08Lawrence Ziring\uff09\u3001\u62c9\u5409\u5c3c\u00b7\u79d1\u5854\u91cc\uff08Rajni Kothari\uff09\u3001\u65af\u5766\u5229\u00b7\u6770\u4e9a\u62c9\u8d3e\u00b7\u5766\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff08Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u83b1\u5965\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\uff08Leo E. Rose\uff09\u5148\u540e\u4e8e1970\u5e74\u548c1977\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\u4e0e\u300a\u4e0d\u4e39\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u5bf9\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u4e0d\u4e39\u738b\u5ba4\u79c1\u4eba\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u827e\u745e\u65af\uff08Michael Aris\uff09\u5728\u4e0d\u4e39\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u3001\u85cf\u4f20\u4f5b\u6559\u4e0e\u4e0d\u4e39\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u5219\u505a\u4e86\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1b\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u514b\u62c9\u4f26\u65af\u00b7\u9a6c\u6d1b\u5c3c\uff08Clarence Maloney\uff09\u4ee5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7530\u91ce\u8c03\u67e5\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u9a6c\u5c14\u4ee3\u592b\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u533a\u57df\u5408\u4f5c\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u82ad\u82ad\u62c9\u00b7\u6000\u7279\uff08Barbara White\uff09\u7b49\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u201c\u7eff\u8272\u9769\u547d\u201d\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u7cae\u98df\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u30021976\u5e74\uff0c\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u5c24\u52aa\u65af\uff08Muhammad Yunus\uff09\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u5c0f\u989d\u4fe1\u8d37\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u5176\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c24\u52aa\u65af\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u4e8e2006\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u963f\u739b\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee\uff08Amartya Sen\uff09\u7b49\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u5730\u533a\u7b49\u5730\u5927\u9965\u8352\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u7cae\u98df\u5206\u914d\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u516c\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u6743\u5229\u5931\u8d25\u201d\uff08Entitlement Failure\uff09\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u9965\u8352\u6210\u56e0\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u30021985\u5e74\u5357\u4e9a\u533a\u57df\u5408\u4f5c\u8054\u76df\u7684\u6210\u7acb,\u4f7f\u533a\u57df\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u8bae\u9898\u5305\u62ec\u5357\u76df\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u533a\u57df\u5185\u8d38\u6613\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u8de8\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3001\u5370\u5df4\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5730\u533a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5931\u8861\u5bf9\u5357\u76df\u7684\u9650\u5236\u7b49\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u8428\u4e49\u5fb7\u7684\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u6380\u8d77\u7684\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u7eb3\u5409\u7279\u00b7\u53e4\u54c8\uff08Ranajit Guha\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u6279\u5224\u6b96\u6c11\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u201c\u5eb6\u6c11\u7814\u7a76\u201d\uff08Subaltern Studies\uff09,\u6781\u5927\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u9898\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u751f\u4ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5e15\u7279\u00b7\u67e5\u7279\u5409\uff08Partha Chatterjee\uff09\u7b49\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5f3a\u8c03\u6b96\u6c11\u5386\u53f2\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u666e\u62c9\u5df4\u7279\u00b7\u5e15\u7279\u5948\u514b \uff08Prabhat Patnaik\uff09\u7b49\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u5173\u6ce8\u6b96\u6c11\u9057\u4ea7\u5bf9\u5357\u4e9a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5efa\u6784\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u8def\u5f84\uff1b\u963f\u5e0c\u65af\u00b7\u5357\u8fea\uff08Ashis Nandy\uff09\u98a0\u8986\u6027\u5730\u4ece\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u89c6\u89d2\u5206\u6790\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u8d3e\u4e9a\u91cc\u7279\u00b7\u65af\u76ae\u74e6\u514b\uff08Gayatri Spivak\uff09\u5219\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u5386\u53f2\u5bf9\u5357\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u6027\u522b\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u59cb\u5d1b\u8d77\u30021989\u5e74\uff0c\u5e93\u59c6\u5e93\u59c6\u00b7\u6851\u683c\u745e\u548c\u82cf\u5fb7\u4ec0\u00b7\u74e6\u4f0a\u5fb7\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300a\u91cd\u5851\u5973\u6027\uff1a\u6b96\u6c11\u5386\u53f2\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5357\u4e9a\u5973\u6027\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u8bae\u9898\u5728\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7b49\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6027\u522b\u8bae\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u8bae\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u51b7\u6218\u540e\u56fd\u9645\u6743\u529b\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u4f7f\u5357\u4e9a\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u5f62\u52bf\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u5370\u5df4\u6838\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u6781\u7aef\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5185\u5916\u5c40\u52bf\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u591a\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u6b64\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u6781\u7aef\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e0e\u6cbb\u7406\u6548\u7387\u7b49\u6210\u4e3a\u5185\u653f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9a6c\u8bfa\uff08James Manor\uff09\u3001\u62c9\u5409\u592b\u00b7\u5df4\u5c14\u52a0\u74e6 (Rajeev Bhargava)\u3001\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6c49\u68ee\uff08Thomas Hansen\uff09\u7b49\uff1b\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5370\u5df4\u6838\u8bd5\u9a8c\u53ca\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u5b66\u8005\u82cf\u7c73\u7279\u00b7\u7518\u53e4\u5229\uff08Sumit Ganguly\uff09\u3001\u5854\u624e\u00b7\u4fdd\u7f57\uff08Thazha Paul\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u4e5f\u5173\u6ce8\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u6218\u7565\u7ade\u5408\u3001\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u4e89\u7aef\u3001\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5168\u7403\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u6210\u4e3a\u5f71\u54cd\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u5173\u952e\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4ee5\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5206\u6790\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u5168\u7403\u5316\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f00\u653e\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u81ea1991\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u6539\u9769\u3002\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u8f6c\u578b\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u4e0e\u6539\u9769\u6210\u6548\u3001\u51fa\u53e3\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u672c\u571f\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0e\u8de8\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3001\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5357\u4e9a\u5404\u56fd\u51fa\u73b0\u6d41\u5411\u6d77\u6e7e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u79fb\u6c11\u6f6e\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u52b3\u52a1\u8f93\u51fa\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u5168\u7403\u5316\u51b2\u51fb\u4e86\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5e76\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u963f\u739b\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee\u3001\u8ba9\u00b7\u5fb7\u96f7\u5179\uff08Jean Dr\u00e8ze\uff09\u3001\u666e\u62c9\u7eb3\u5e03\u00b7\u5df4\u5c14\u4e39\uff08Pranab Bardhan\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u56f4\u7ed5\u519c\u6751\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u8d2b\u56f0\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u4e0e\u57ce\u4e61\u5dee\u8ddd\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6279\u5224\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u963f\u739b\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee\u56f4\u7ed5\u9965\u8352\u4e0e\u8d2b\u56f0\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5bf9\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e43\u81f3\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u653f\u7b56\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1999\u5e74\uff0c\u66fe\u957f\u671f\u5728\u9a6c\u5c14\u4ee3\u592b\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5b66\u8005\u6cfd\u7ef4\u5c14\u00b7\u7f57\u6885\u7f57\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u4e9a\u65af\uff08Xavier Romero Fr\u00edas\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u4e60\u4fd7\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u9a6c\u5c14\u4ee3\u592b\u5c9b\u6c11\uff1a\u53e4\u8001\u6d77\u6d0b\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8be5\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u795e\u8bdd\u4f20\u8bf4\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u6c11\u4fd7\u7b49\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u6750\u6599\u3002\u27a4\u66fe\uff1a21\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u6700\u65b0\u8fdb\u5c55\uff1f\u27a4\u90b1\uff1a\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\u3001\u53bb\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e0e\u5357\u4e9a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u4f7f\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u533a\u57df\u51b2\u7a81\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u6c11\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u6587\u5316\u653f\u6cbb\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5357\u4e9a\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u8eab\u4efd\u52a8\u5458\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e\u592e\u5730\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u8150\u8d25\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u65cf\u7fa4\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u77db\u76fe\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u6c11\u515a2014\u5e74\u4e0a\u53f0\u6267\u653f\u5e76\u5927\u529b\u4ee5\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u63a8\u52a8\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u8870\u8d25\u4e0e\u5f3a\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u590d\u5174\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u53ca\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u515a\u4e89\u4e0e\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u592e\u5730\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u65cf\u7fa4\u77db\u76fe\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u6210\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u5185\u653f\u7814\u7a76\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6c49\u68ee\u3001\u963f\u8212\u6258\u4ec0\u00b7\u74e6\u4ec0\u5c3c(Ashutosh Varshney)\u3001\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u592b\u00b7\u96c5\u5f17\u96f7\u6d1b\uff08Christophe Jaffrelot\uff09\u3001\u7c73\u5170\u00b7\u74e6\u4ec0\u7eb3\u592b\uff08Milan Vaishnav\uff09\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u9488\u5bf9\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u5185\u653f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u79d1\u6069\u4e0e\u963f\u7eb3\u6258\u00b7\u674e\u6587\uff08Anatol Lieven\uff09\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u56f4\u7ed5\u519b\u653f\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u6c11\u9009\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8f6e\u66ff\u3001\u5bb6\u65cf\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u7cbe\u82f1\u7edf\u6cbb\u7ed3\u6784\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u56fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u4e3b\u8981\u805a\u7126\u515a\u4e89\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u653f\u515a\u6781\u5316\u4e0e\u6cbb\u7406\u6548\u80fd\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\uff0c \u963f\u91cc\u00b7\u91cc\u4e9a\u5179\uff08Ali Riaz\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u56fd\uff1a\u72ec\u7acb\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u300b\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u7ed3\u675f\u957f\u8fbe\u8fd130\u5e74\u7684\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u5176\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8f6c\u5411\u6218\u540e\u91cd\u5efa\u3001\u50e7\u2014\u6cf0\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u89e3\u3001\u653f\u515a\u8f6e\u66ff\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u9769\u3001\u5bb6\u65cf\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cbb\u7406\u6548\u80fd\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u7684\u5171\u548c\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u5236\u5baa\u535a\u5f08\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6574\u5408\u4e0e\u5206\u88c2 \u3001\u65cf\u7fa4\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u6cbb\u7406\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u9a6c\u5c14\u4ee3\u592b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u9769\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u653f\u5c40\u53d8\u52a8\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u7b49\uff1b\u4e0d\u4e39\u201c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u201d\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u5e78\u798f\u603b\u503c\u201d\u53d1\u5c55\u7406\u5ff5\u7b49\u3002\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u5fb7\u6c83\u5854\uff08Neil DeVotta\uff09\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u60e0\u666e\u987f (John Whelpton)\u3001\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u8d6b\u7279\uff08Michael Hutt\uff09\u3001\u5676\u739b\u00b7\u5f6d\u63aa\uff08Karma Phuntsho\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u5b89\u5168\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u9010\u6b65\u4ece\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5370\u5df4\u51b2\u7a81\u5411\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u7684\u533a\u57df\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u5927\u56fd\u535a\u5f08\u7814\u7a76\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u201c9\u00b711\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\u7684\u53cd\u6050\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u201c\u4e00\u5e26\u4e00\u8def\u201d\u5021\u8bae\u5728\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\u3001\u4e2d\u7f8e\u53ca\u4e2d\u5370\u5728\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u7b49\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5916\u4ea4\u5b89\u5168\u7b49\u7684\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u53cd\u6050\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5370\u4e09\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u5370\u5df4\u6838\u5a01\u6151\u3001\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u6781\u7aef\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u5370\u592a\u5b89\u5168\u683c\u5c40\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p 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1.05em;\">\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e2d\u5370\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u5168\u7403\u683c\u5c40\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0e\u5916\u4ea4\u6218\u7565\u3001\u5370\u7f8e\u5408\u4f5c\u53ca\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5370\u5df4\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f8e\u6b27\u7b49\u57df\u5916\u52bf\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u4e2d\u5370\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0e\u5357\u4e9a\u5730\u7f18\u683c\u5c40\u8c03\u6574\u7b49\uff1b\u56f4\u7ed5\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e2d\u5df4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5df4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8c03\u6574\u3001\u4e2d\u5df4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d70\u5eca\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5357\u4e9a\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u5728\u53cd\u6050\u4f5c\u6218\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4e0e\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u8de8\u5883\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5185\u90e8\u5b89\u5168\u5f62\u52bf\uff1b\u5bf9\u5b5f\u3001\u5c3c\u3001\u65af\u3001\u4e0d\u3001\u9a6c\u7b49\u56fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u5404\u81ea\u5bf9\u534e\u3001\u5bf9\u5370\u3001\u5bf9\u7f8e\u7b49\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u5370\u548c\u4e2d\u7f8e\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5206\u6790\u5404\u5357\u4e9a\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5e73\u8861\u7b56\u7565\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u6447\u6446\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5370\u5df4\u6838\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u707e\u5bb3\u5bf9\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5916\u4ea4\u3001\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u5916\u4ea4\u3001\u707e\u5bb3\u9884\u9632\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u4e0e\u75be\u75c5\u9632\u63a7\u3001\u8de8\u56fd\u8d70\u79c1\u4e0e\u4eba\u53e3\u8d29\u5356\u3001\u8de8\u5883\u96be\u6c11\u7b49\u975e\u4f20\u7edf\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u70ed\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u533a\u57df\u5408\u4f5c\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u6790\u5357\u76df\u5408\u4f5c\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3001\u201c\u5b5f\u2014\u4e0d\u2014\u5370\u2014\u5c3c\u201d\u5021\u8bae\u548c\u201c\u73af\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u6e7e\u591a\u9886\u57df\u6280\u672f\u5408\u4f5c\u5021\u8bae\u201d\u7b49\u6b21\u533a\u57df\u5408\u4f5c\u673a\u5236\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u82cf\u7c73\u7279\u00b7\u7518\u53e4\u5229\u3001\u963f\u4ec0\u5229\u00b7\u6cf0\u5229\u65af\uff08Ashley J. Telli\uff09\u3001\u62c9\u8d3e\u00b7\u83ab\u6c49 (Raja Mohan)\u3001\u54c8\u4ec0\u00b7V\u00b7\u6f58\u7279 (Harsh V Pant)\u3001\u767d\u5eb7\u8fea\uff08Kanti Prasad Bajpai\uff09\u3001\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6c40\u00b7\u8d39\u5c14\uff08Christine Fair\uff09\u3001\u82cf\u514b\u00b7\u7a46\u5c3c\uff08Sukh Muni\uff09\u5766\u7ef4\u00b7\u9a6c\u4e39\uff08Tanvi Madan\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u805a\u7126\u5357\u4e9a\u5404\u56fd\u9ad8\u589e\u957f\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u52a8\u529b\u4e0e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u6f14\u53d8\u3001\u963f\u739b\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee\u7b49\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u3001\u5357\u4e9a\u533a\u57df\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u4e0e\u963b\u788d\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u540e\u7684\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u5c31\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u4ea7\u4e1a\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u65b9\u5411\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u5206\u5316\u548c\u533a\u57df\u95f4\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u7f29\u51cf\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u201c\u6c14\u5019\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u6743\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u3001\u7eff\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8f6c\u578b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ee3\u8868\u5b66\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u963f\u9a6c\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee\u3001\u8ba9\u00b7\u5fb7\u96f7\u5179\u3001\u8d3e\u683c\u8fea\u4ec0\u00b7\u5df4\u683c\u74e6\u8482\uff08Jagdish Bhagwati\uff09\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u6e29\u5fb7\u00b7\u6f58\u5a1c\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a (Arvind Panagariya)\u3001\u96f7\u8d6b\u66fc\u00b7\u7d22\u535c\u6c49\uff08Rehman Sobhan\uff09\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u6e29\u5fb7\u00b7\u82cf\u5e03\u62c9\u9a6c\u5c3c\u5b89 (Arvind Subramanian)\u3001\u62c9\u53e4\u62c9\u59c6\u00b7\u62c9\u8a79 ( Raghuram Rajan)\u3001\u666e\u62c9\u7eb3\u5e03\u00b7\u5df4\u5c14\u4e39\uff08Pranab Bardhan\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u4e00\u5e26\u4e00\u8def\u201d\u5021\u8bae\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5173\u6ce8\u5176\u5bf9\u5357\u4e9a\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u5efa\u8bbe\u3001\u57df\u5185\u4e92\u8054\u4e92\u901a\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u673a\u9047\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u201c\u4e00\u5e26\u4e00\u8def\u201d\u5021\u8bae\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u503a\u52a1\u9677\u9631\u201d\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u9879\u76ee\u5efa\u8bbe\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u5357\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5168\u7403\u4f20\u64ad\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4e3a\u8f7d\u4f53\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8f93\u51fa\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8f6f\u5b9e\u529b\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u6027\u522b\u8bae\u9898\u7b49\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u5b9d\u83b1\u575e\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u745c\u4f3d\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u64ad\u53ca\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u542b\u4e49\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u5173\u6ce8\u5370\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u745c\u4f3d\u3001\u51a5\u60f3\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5168\u7403\u8f93\u51fa\u63d0\u5347\u5176\u5168\u7403\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff1b\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5973\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u6027\u522b\u8ba4\u540c\u548c\u6027\u522b\u66b4\u529b\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u662f\u5b66\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6587\u5316\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u5176\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61\u6216\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u5c3c\u7ef4\u8fea\u5854\u00b7\u6885\u519c\uff08Nivedita Menon\uff09\u3001\u7279\u8d3e\u65af\u7ef4\u5c3c\u00b7\u5c3c\u5170\u8d3e\u7eb3\uff08Tejaswini Niranjana\uff09\u3001\u96f7\u5207\u5c14\u00b7\u5fb7\u6000\u5c14 (Rachel Dwyer)\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u56fd\u5916\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u3001\u5357\u4e9a\u672c\u571f\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u548c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u9876\u5c16\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6216\u667a\u5e93\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f15\u9886\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd8\u5728\u653f\u7b56\u5206\u6790\u3001\u4e8c\u8f68\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3001\u516c\u5171\u5916\u4ea4\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u5357\u4e9a\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u6587\u660e\u7cfb\uff08Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago\uff09\u3001\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u6240 (South Asian Institute\uff0cColumbia University)\u3001\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u5e73\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08Carnegie Endowment for International Peace\uff09\u3001\u5e03\u9c81\u91d1\u65af\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08Brookings Institution\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6709\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u4e9a\u975e\u5b66\u9662 (School of Oriental and African Studies, SOAS, University of London)\u3001\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge\uff09\u3001\u7687\u5bb6\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08Chatham House\uff09\uff1b\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u6709\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University\uff09\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9ad8\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u9662\uff08L&#x27;\u00c9cole des hautes \u00e9tudes en sciences sociales\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5357\u4e9a\u672c\u571f\u6709\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u9662\uff08School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08Observer Research Foundation\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9632\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08India Foundation\uff09\u3001\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5821\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u6709\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08The Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore\uff09\uff1b\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u6709\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08South Asia Research Institute, Australian National University\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u671f\u520a\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e0a\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u56fd\u9645\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u520a\u7269\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e9a\u6d32\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u65d7\u8230\u520a\u7269\u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\uff08The Journal of Asian Studies\uff09\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u4f1a\u520a\u300a\u5357\u4e9a\uff1a\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\uff08South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies\uff09\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u4f1a\u520a\u300a\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08South Asian Studies\uff09\u548c\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u5357\u4e9a\u300b\uff08Contemporary South Asia\uff09\u3001\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e9a\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08Modern Asian Studies\uff09\u3001\u6cf0\u52d2\u00b7\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u96c6\u56e2\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff08India Review\uff09\u4e0e\u300a\u5357\u4e9a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u300b\uff08South Asian History and Culture\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u4e0e\u6bd4\u8f83\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08C<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">ommonwealth &amp; Comparative Politics\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5468\u520a\u300b\uff08The Economic and Political Weekly\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9632\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e3b\u529e\u7684\u300a\u6218\u7565\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff08Strategic Analysis\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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