{"id":5091,"date":"2025-04-06T23:45:37","date_gmt":"2025-04-06T15:45:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/?p=5091"},"modified":"2025-04-06T23:45:37","modified_gmt":"2025-04-06T15:45:37","slug":"%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6-%e5%a7%9a%e8%bf%9c%e6%a2%85%ef%bc%9a%e8%8b%b1%e5%8d%b0%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e8%be%b9%e7%96%86%e6%88%98%e7%95%a5%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e%e6%9c%89%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/?p=5091","title":{"rendered":"\u7814\u7a76 | \u59da\u8fdc\u6885\uff1a\u82f1\u5370\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6218\u7565\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u84c4\u610f\u63a9\u85cf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/strong>\u59da\u8fdc\u6885
\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/strong>\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u8baf
\u539f\u6587\uff1a<\/strong>\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u539f\u6587<\/a>
\u672c\u6587\u517118937\u5b57\u9605\u8bfb\u9884\u8ba1\u7ea630\u5206\u949f<\/div>\n

\u4f5c\u8005 | \u59da\u8fdc\u6885\u672c\u671f\u7f16\u8f91 | \u8d3e\u4e3d\u8c6a \u7ae0\u94b0\u73cf\u672c\u671f\u5ba1\u6838 | \u8303\u5bb6\u83c0 \u9648\u73cf\u53ef \u6458\u8981 \u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e1c\u6bb5\uff0c\u8bf8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u6574\u4f53\u6269\u5f20\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u6bd4\u8f83\u8584\u5f31\u3002\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u91cf\u82f1\u5370\u6863\u6848\u53ca\u5730\u56fe\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u5176\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u9a71\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u8695\u98df\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u4e3b\u6743\u5229\u76ca\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u591a\u6e20\u9053\u63a8\u8fdb\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u9632\u7ebf\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u591a\u90e8\u95e8\u534f\u540c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u70ae\u5236\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\u660e\u77e5\u56e0\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u6761\u7ea6\u5bfc\u81f4\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u8be5\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u57cb\u4e0b\u7978\u6839\uff1b\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u5982\u4f55\u7ee7\u627f\u8be5\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e1c\u6bb5\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u63ed\u5f00\u4e00\u4e9b\u88ab\u82f1\u5370\u84c4\u610f\u63a9\u85cf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u771f\u76f8\u3002\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a \u4e2d\u56fd \u82f1\u56fd \u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6 \u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898 \u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u56fe\u6e90\u201c\u9065\u770b\u5357\u4e9a\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u524d\u8a00\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u590d\u6742\u96be\u89e3\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u987a\u5229\u53d1\u5c55\u30021988\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7406\u62c9\u5409\u592b\u00b7\u7518\u5730\u8bbf\u534e\u65f6\u63d0\u51fa\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u8131\u94a9\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u9010\u6b65\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u5e76\u5c55\u5f00\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u5374\u63d0\u51fa\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u6302\u94a9\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5916\u957f\u82cf\u6770\u751f\u591a\u6b21\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u96be\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55[1]\u3002\u503c2023\u5e74\u4e3b\u6301G20\u5cf0\u4f1a\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u53c8\u70ed\u8877\u7092\u4f5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u95ee\u9898\uff0c[2]\u4ee4\u516c\u4f17\u96be\u8fa8\u771f\u4f2a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e1c\u6bb5\u518d\u5ea6\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e1c\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5415\u662d\u4e49\u7b49[3]\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7b49\u89c6\u89d2\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u7684\u7531\u6765\u3001\u53d8\u66f4\u53ca\u975e\u6cd5\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6c88\u5fd7\u534e\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a1951-1953\u5e74\u95f4\u5370\u5ea6\u4fb5\u5360\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u4e60\u60ef\u7ebf\u81f3\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u5360\u9886\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5904\u7406\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u5468\u8fb9\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[4]\u8fd8\u6709\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4ece\u6cd5\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bba\u8bc1\u5370\u5ea6\u5f53\u5c40\u70ae\u5236\u7684\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49[5]\u3002\u56fd\u5916\u5b66\u8005\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5c14\u7684\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u5bf9\u534e\u6218\u4e89\u300b\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u529b\u4f5c\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5370\u65b9\u5f3a\u786c\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7acb\u573a\u548c\u201c\u524d\u8fdb\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u5bfc\u81f41962\u5e74\u5bf9\u5370\u81ea\u536b\u53cd\u51fb\u6218\u7684\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u56e0\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6ca1\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a5\u53d7\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e89\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n

[6]\u7136\u800c\uff0c2018\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u5370\u6218\u4e89\u300b\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u7ad9\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u8fb9\u754c\u7acb\u573a\u91cd\u5199\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u5386\u53f2[7]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5170\u59c6\u4e8e1964\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\uff1a\u8fb9\u754c\u4e89\u7aef\u7684\u7531\u6765\u300b\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u5206\u897f\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u4e1c\u4e09\u6bb5\u89e3\u67901947\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u64a4\u9000\u4e4b\u524d\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u4e89\u8bae\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002[8]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u83b7\u6089\u8be5\u4e66\u89c2\u70b9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u6709\u5173\u90e8\u95e8\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u5170\u59c6\u4e66\u4e2d\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8d23\u4ee4\u5176\u4fee\u6b63\u3002[9]\u5170\u59c6\u540e\u6765\u51fa\u7248\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5747\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5730\u504f\u5411\u5370\u65b9\u7acb\u573a\u3002[10]\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u8d39\u8c22\u5c14\uff08Margaret W. Fisher\uff09\u548c\u7f57\u65af\uff08Leo E. Rose\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5747\u53d7\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[11]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7279\u522b\u503c\u5f97\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u8005\u53e4\u666e\u5854\u6559\u6388\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u79d8\u53f2\u300b\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u4e89\u8bae\u5f62\u6210\u5386\u53f2\u505a\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u63ed\u9732\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u60dc\u5f04\u865a\u4f5c\u5047\uff0c\u5355\u8fb9\u4fee\u6539\u300a\u827e\u5947\u900a\u6761\u7ea6\u96c6\u300b\u6d89\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u63a9\u76d6\u8be5\u7ebf\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u771f\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u4ee4\u5370\u5ea6\u62ff\u4f2a\u9020\u7248\u7684\u300a\u827e\u5947\u900a\u6761\u7ea6\u96c6\u300b\u58f0\u7d22\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u9886\u571f\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u8bba\u70b9\u4e0d\u653b\u81ea\u7834\u3002[12]\u7136\u800c\uff0c2018\u5e74\u5370\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u53d1\u884c\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u5370\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6863\u6848\u9009\u96c6\uff0c[13]\u6b64\u540e\u8bf8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u51fa\u7248\u6d77\u91cf\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5370\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u548c\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u9f13\u5439\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5a01\u80c1\u201d\u57fa\u8c03\u4e0b\uff0c\u547c\u5e94\u5370\u5ea62019\u5e74\u4fee\u6539\u5730\u56fe\u540e\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\u987e\u51ef\u6770\u7684\u300a\u957f\u671f\u535a\u5f08\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u600e\u6837\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u8c08\u5224\u300b[14]\u3001\u62c9\u5965\u742a\u7684\u300a\u788e\u88c2\u7684\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u300b[15]\u3001\u8f9b\u683c\u7684\u300a\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e0d\u548c\u8c10\u300b[16]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u963f\u4e15\u8457\u4f5c[17]\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4e0d\u80dc\u679a\u4e3e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u6c57\u725b\u5145\u680b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed4\u7ec6\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e2d\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u591a\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bba\u8bc1\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u5370\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u591a\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bba\u8bc1\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u5c11\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u4ece\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u6574\u4f53\u6269\u5f20\u89c6\u89d2\u7cfb\u7edf\u89e3\u6790\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e1c\u6bb5\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u4eba\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u91cf\u82f1\u5370\u6863\u6848\u53ca\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406\u82f1\u56fd\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u5176\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u9a71\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u8695\u98df\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u4e3b\u6743\u5229\u76ca\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u591a\u6e20\u9053\u63a8\u8fdb\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u9632\u7ebf\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u591a\u90e8\u95e8\u534f\u540c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u70ae\u5236\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5229\u76ca\u9a71\u4f7f\u4e0b\u5904\u7406\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e1c\u6bb5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\u662f\u4e2a\u5730\u7406\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f<\/h2>\n

\u5728\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u6052\u6cb3\u548c\u5e03\u62c9\u9a6c\u666e\u7279\u62c9\u6cb3\u5e73\u539f\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5370\u5ea6\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u7684\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u51e0\u4e2a\u90a6\u533a\u3001\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u51e0\u4e2a\u90a6\u533a\u3001\u5357\u5370\u5ea6\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u3002[18]\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5730\u7406\u4eba\u6587\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5317\u7f8e\u5341\u4e09\u5757\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u72ec\u7acb\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ee5\u5176\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5357\u4e9a\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff08\u7b80\u79f0\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff09\u4e3a\u91cd\u5fc3\u6765\u6269\u5f20\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5185\u90e8\u51fa\u53f0\u5efa\u7acb\u5370\u5ea6\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\uff08Scientific Frontier \uff09[19]\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u501f\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7262\u7262\u4fdd\u62a4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u519b\u5b98\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0a\u5f62\u5bb9\u5370\u5ea6\u4e3a\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u9632\u5fa1\u62f1\u95e8\u4e0a\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002<\/p>\n

[20]\uff081820s\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5c40\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u65af\u5766\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u6e05\u695a\u663e\u793a\u5982\u4eca\u5370\u5ea6\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u7684\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u51e0\u4e2a\u90a6\u533a\u3001\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u51e0\u4e2a\u90a6\u533a\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5370\u65b9\u9886\u571f\u3002\uff09\u56fe\u6e90\u201c\u9065\u770b\u5357\u4e9a\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u8ba8\u8bba\u6863\u6848\u8d44\u6599\u8bb0\u8f7d\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8be5\u6218\u7565\u79d8\u5bc6\u63a8\u8fdb100\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u5bf9\u5916\u5ba3\u4f20\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1879\u5e74\u574e\u8d1d\u5c14\u8bae\u5458\u5bf9\u6b64\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u82f1\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5165\u4fb5\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\uff0c\u662f\u53d7\u8be5\u6218\u7565\u5e55\u540e\u9a71\u4f7f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u897f\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u4f20\u7edf\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u5728\u5174\u90fd\u5e93\u4ec0\u5c71\u811a\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ebf\uff0c\u72b9\u5982\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u4eba\u751a\u6216\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\u7ad9\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5934\u9876\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u65e0\u5b89\u5168\u53ef\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4fdd\u62a4\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u5370\u5ea6\u9632\u7ebf\u5c3d\u91cf\u5411\u5916\u5ef6\u5c55\u6269\u5f20\u81f3\u5728\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u5730\u4fdd\u62a4\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u897f\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5c06\u4ee5\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\u5728\u4e1c\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\uff08\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\uff09\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c \u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u9a7b\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u603b\u7763\u8fbe\u5c14\u8c6a\u897f\u52cb\u7235\uff08Lord Dalhousie\uff09\u751a\u4e3a\u8d5e\u540c\u63a8\u8fdb\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u3002[21]1911\u5e74\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u70ae\u5236\u8005\u963f\u5947\u4f2f\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\uff08Archibald Rose\uff09\u4e0a\u51d1\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5185\u53c2\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\uff08\u6307\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fb9\u754c\u5c06\u5411\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u65b9\u5411\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u82f1\u56fd\u6784\u5efa\u5370\u5ea6\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u7684\u5b8f\u4f1f\u5de5\u7a0b\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

[22]\uff08\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u70ae\u5236\u8005\u7f57\u65af1911\u5e74\u5185\u53c2\u62a5\u544a\u539f\u56fe\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5c06\u5176\u5730\u56fe\u6269\u5f20\u90e8\u5206\u7528\u7ea2\u7ebf\u6807\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u56fe\u4e2d\u6e05\u695a\u663e\u793a\u897f\u85cf\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5bf9\u82f1\u5370\u65b9\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u4f4d\u672a\u5b9a\u201d\u4e0d\u653b\u81ea\u7834\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u56fe\u663e\u793a\uff0c1911\u5e74\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u5df2\u5185\u7f6e\u4e8e\u7f57\u65af\u52fe\u753b\u7684\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e1911\u5e74\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5df2\u7ed8\u5236\u51fa\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c1913-1914\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3b\u6301\u53ec\u5f00\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u629b\u51fa\u8fd9\u6761\u201c\u7ebf\u201d\u3002\u57281913-1914\u5e74\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u662f\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u987e\u95ee\u3002\uff09\u56fe\u6e90\u201c\u9065\u770b\u5357\u4e9a\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e00\u70b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u662f\u6253\u7740\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u5e4c\u5b50\u5de7\u53d6\u8c6a\u593a\u522b\u56fd\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u5728\u6d77\u3001\u9646\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u6784\u5efa\u591a\u91cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u9632\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u6d77\u4e0a\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u901a\u5f80\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u51fa\u5165\u53e3\u548c\u8981\u585e\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u3001\u5f00\u666e\u6566\u3001\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3\u3001\u9a6c\u516d\u7532\u6d77\u5ce1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u3001\u7ea2\u6d77\u7684\u8981\u585e\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u4fe8\u7136\u628a\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u53d8\u6210\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5185\u6e56\u3002\u5728\u9646\u4e0a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4ee5\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u591a\u5c42\u9632\u7ebf\u3002\u4e3a\u63a9\u4eba\u8033\u76ee\uff0c\u987a\u5229\u9646\u4e0a\u63a8\u8fdb\u8be5\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u51fa\u53f0\u201c\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u6d4b\u7ed8\u201d\u9879\u76ee[23]\u3001\u6210\u7acb\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5730\u7406\u534f\u4f1a[24]\u548c\u300a\u4f26\u6566\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u7b49[25]\uff0c\u6253\u7740\u201c\u79d1\u8003\u201d\u540d\u4e49\u6d3e\u4eba\u8d74\u5174\u90fd\u5e93\u4ec0\u5c71\u3001\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u533a\u52d8\u6d4b\u5730\u5f62\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u5229\u7528\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5730\u56fe\u5185\u90e8\u5236\u9020\u6269\u5f20\u6027\u5730\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u591a\u7ba1\u9f50\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6b66\u529b\u5165\u4fb5\u3001\u8feb\u4f7f\u522b\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u7b49\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u201c\u4e09\u9053\u201d\u4fdd\u62a4\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u9632\u7ebf\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u201c\u5185\u7ebf\u201d\uff08\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u8f96\u7ebf\uff09\u3001\u201c\u5916\u7ebf\u201d\uff08\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ec5\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9e\u9645\u7ba1\u7406\uff09\u548c\u201c\u6218\u7565\u7ebf\u201d\uff08\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u7ebf\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u634f\u5408\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u9762\u79ef\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08British Raj\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5185\u90e8\u5206\u4e3a\u201c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u201d(British India)\u3001\u201c\u571f\u90a6\u738b\u56fd\u201d\uff08Princely States\uff09\u548c\u201c\u8fb9\u5883\u90e8\u843d\u533a\u201d\uff08Frontier Tribal Areas\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5206\u522b\u4e88\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u95f4\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c[26]\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u5174\u90fd\u5e93\u4ec0\u5c71\u548c\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u4e00\u5e26\u57cb\u4e0b\u8bf8\u591a\u8fb9\u754c\u4e89\u7aef\u7684\u7978\u6839\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5bc7\u677e\u603b\u7763\u66fe\u5f62\u8c61\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e00\u6269\u5f20\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5821\uff0c\u524d\u65b9\u6709\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u505a\u62a4\u57ce\u6cb3\uff0c\u540e\u65b9\u6709\u9ad8\u8038\u4e91\u5929\u800c\u4e0d\u6613\u903e\u8d8a\u7684\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u548c\u5174\u90fd\u5e93\u4ec0\u5c71\u505a\u62a4\u57ce\u5899\u2026\u2026\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u53ea\u5c06\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u58c1\u5792\u90e8\u7f72\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u653e\u773c\u62a4\u57ce\u5899\u548c\u62a4\u57ce\u6cb3\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u7edd\u5bf9\u662f\u4e2a\u76ee\u5149\u77ed\u6d45\u7684\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u2026\u2026\u201d[27]\uff081947\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u64a4\u9000\u5357\u4e9a\u524d\u5185\u90e8\u4f7f\u7528\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u8be5\u56fe\u6e05\u695a\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u539f\u672c\u738b\u56fd\u6797\u7acb\u3001\u4e00\u76d8\u6563\u6c99\u7684\u5357\u4e9a\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u634f\u5408\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u9762\u79ef\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u201c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\uff08British Raj\uff09\uff0c\u4e3a\u5370\u5317\u90e8\u52fe\u753b\u4e86\u4e09\u91cd\u9632\u7ebf\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u201c\u6218\u7565\u7ebf\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5916\u7ebf\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5185\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u5bf9\u5e94\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u7ea2\u7ebf\u3001\u84dd\u7ebf\u548c\u7eff\u7ebf\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u201c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\uff08\u6df1\u7d2b\u8272\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u3001\u201c\u571f\u90a6\u201d\uff08\u9ec4\u8272\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u548c\u201c\u8fb9\u5883\u533a\u201d\uff08\u6d45\u7d2b\u8272\u90e8\u5206\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5206\u522b\u4e88\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u95f4\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n

1947\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u64a4\u9000\uff0c\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u4ec5\u8be6\u7ec6\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u571f\u90a6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8fb9\u5883\u533a\u201d\u9886\u571f\u5f52\u5c5e\u3002\uff09\u56fe\u6e90\u201c\u9065\u770b\u5357\u4e9a\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u524d\u671f\u63a8\u8fdb\u8be5\u6218\u7565\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u5206\u5730\u6bb5\u63a8\u8fdb\u8be5\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u5174\u90fd\u5e93\u4ec0\u5c71\u533a\u3001\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u897f\u6bb5\u3001\u4e1c\u6bb5\u7b49\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u727a\u7272\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u3001\u7f05\u7538\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u3001\u4e0d\u4e39\u548c\u9521\u91d1\u7b49\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4e3b\u6743\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u6218\u7565\u76ee\u7684,\u5e76\u4e14\u5206\u522b\u4ee5\u201c\u897f\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u201d\u3001\u201c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e1c\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5916\u5ba3\u4f20\u3002\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u82f1\u5370\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5357\u4e9a\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u4f9d\u7136\u738b\u56fd\u6797\u7acb\uff0c\u81f31947\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u64a4\u9000\u65f6\u8fd8\u6709560\u591a\u4e2a\u571f\u90a6\u738b\u56fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u571f\u90a6\u738b\u56fd\u90fd\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u5176\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u7279\u8272\u7684\u5b97\u4e3b\u5173\u7cfb\uff08Paramountcy\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4e88\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u677e\u6563\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u571f\u90a6\u738b\u56fd\u90fd\u7eb3\u5165\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5e1d\u56fd\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u5c06\u5176\u76f4\u63a5\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u9632\u7ebf\u62c9\u5230\u66f4\u8fdc\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u963b\u6b62\u4fc4\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b49\u8fdc\u79bb\u5176\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n

[28]\u5728\u6b64\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u4f17\u591a\u522b\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u201c\u897f\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u201d\u3001\u201c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e1c\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u201d\u6765\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u6545\u610f\u8d34\u4e0a\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6784\u5efa\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u5174\u90fd\u5e93\u4ec0\u5c71\u5730\u6bb5\uff0c\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u591a\u7ba1\u9f50\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6b66\u529b\u5165\u4fb5\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u3001\u4e0e\u4ffe\u8def\u652f\u5361\u62c9\u7279\u571f\u90a6\u8054\u76df\u7b7e\u7f72\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u667a\u53d6\u9a6c\u8702\u7a9d\u201d\u7b56\u7565\u70ae\u5236\u201c\u675c\u5170\u7ebf\u201d\u7b49[29]\u3002\u5728\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u897f\u6bb5\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u82f1\u56fd\u6863\u6848\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5c40\u5730\u56fe\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e05\u695a\u77e5\u9053\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u671d\u7248\u56fe\u8303\u56f4\u8986\u76d6\u81f3\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u897f\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u5730\u56fe\u79f0\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u897f\u6bb5\u81f3\u5580\u5587\u6606\u4ed1\u5c71\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4e3a\u201c\u5c0f\u897f\u85cf\u201d\uff0c[30]\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\u4e5f\u6e05\u695a\u77e5\u9053\u897f\u85cf\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f[31]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u9634\u8c0b\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u4e8e1846\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u201c\u67e5\u8c1f\u2014\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u571f\u90a6\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u62e5\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u5c06\u4e0a\u8ff0\u201c\u5c0f\u897f\u85cf\u201d\u9886\u571f\u90fd\u753b\u8fdb\u201c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u201d\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4ee5\u5176\u6d4b\u7ed8\u6269\u5f20\u5730\u56fe\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e72\u8106\u5355\u8fb9\u81c6\u9020\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u7ebf\u201d[32]\u201c\u963f\u5c14\u8fbe\u7ebf\u201d[33]\u548c\u201c\u9a6c\u7ee7\u4e1a\u2014\u7aa6\u7eb3\u4e50\u7ebf\u201d[34]\u7b49\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u4eba\u4e3a\u634f\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u9762\u79ef\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u201c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u201d\u3002[35]\u501f\u6b64\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u5176\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u634f\u9020\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u201d\u5c55\u5f00\u865a\u5047\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\uff0c\u6545\u610f\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u5b9e\u9645\u7ba1\u8f96\u4e0a\u56db\u5206\u4e94\u88c2\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u5e26\u57cb\u4e0b\u8bf8\u591a\u9886\u571f\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u7978\u6839\u3002<\/p>\n

2019\u5e74\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u5355\u8fb9\u7ec8\u6b62\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5370\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u975e\u6cd5\u5e9f\u9664\u201c\u67e5\u8c1f\u2014\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u571f\u90a6\u201d\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u501f\u4ee5\u4e88\u4ee5\u884c\u653f\u91cd\u7ec4\u5e76\u51fa\u7248\u65b0\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u5c06\u5148\u524d\u4fb5\u5360\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9886\u571f\u90fd\u7eb3\u5165\u5176\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u62c9\u8fbe\u514b\u4e2d\u592e\u76f4\u8f96\u533a\u201d\u3002[36]\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u5730\u6bb5\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e3e\u63aa\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4e3a\u5728\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u4e1c\u6bb5\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\u79ef\u7d2f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1879\u5e74\uff0c\u574e\u8d1d\u5c14\u8bae\u5458\u732e\u8ba1\u7528\u201c\u667a\u53d6\u9a6c\u8702\u7a9d\u201d\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u5883\u5185\u6784\u5efa\u5370\u5ea6\u897f\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5efa\u8bae\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u4e5f\u6765\u5904\u7406\u201c\u4e1c\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u201d\uff08\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4ee5\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\u6765\u6269\u5f20\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u7248\u56fe\u7684\u613f\u671b\u5c31\u53ef\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

[37]\u5728\u629b\u51fa\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5148\u505a\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u51c6\u5907\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6253\u6389\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u8fb9\u7586\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u9897\u95e8\u7259\u201d\u3002\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u3001\u4e0d\u4e39\u548c\u9521\u91d1\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u85e9\u5c5e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u4e3a\u90bb\uff0c\u4e00\u8863\u5e26\u6c34\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u4f4d\u4e8e\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u8179\u5730\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u5b88\u62a4\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u8fb9\u7586\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u9897\u95e8\u7259\uff08molar teeth\uff09\u201d\u3002[38]\u4ee5\u5176\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u5c06\u5176\u62c9\u5165\u82f1\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5c06\u5176\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u9632\u7ebf\uff0c\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u4ece\u5c71\u811a\u4e0b\u62ac\u9ad8\u81f3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c71\u95f4\u5c0f\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ea4\u754c\u5904\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5370\u5ea6\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6700\u4e3a\u4fbf\u6377\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u4f0a\u59cb\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4fbf\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\u5265\u79bb\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5012\u5165\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u6000\u62b1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u9762\u79ef\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u591a\uff0c\u4e5f\u6700\u4e3a\u5f3a\u76db\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u4e8e1814-1816\u5e74\u6253\u7740\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u9521\u91d1\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u5165\u4fb5\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u4e0e\u5176\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u8428\u9ad8\u5229\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u8feb\u4f7f\u9521\u91d1\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a1817\u63d0\u5854\u5229\u4e9a\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u501f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4f46\u8feb\u4f7f\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u5272\u8ba9\u5927\u7247\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u52a0\u5f3a\u7ea6\u675f\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u548c\u9521\u91d1\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\uff0c\u8fd8\u987a\u52bf\u5b9e\u9645\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5c3c\u3001\u9521\u4e24\u56fd\u4e89\u593a\u7684\u5927\u5409\u5cad\u9886\u571f\u3002[39]1860\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u76f4\u63a5\u7edf\u6cbb\u5176\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u7fcc\u5e74\u8feb\u4f7f\u9521\u91d1\u4e0e\u5176\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a1861\u82f1\u9521\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u6b63\u5f0f\u517c\u5e76\u5927\u5409\u5cad\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u9521\u91d1\u5411\u897f\u85cf\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3002[40]\u968f\u540e\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u4e8e1864-1865\u5e74\u5165\u4fb5\u4e0d\u4e39\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u4e0d\u4e39\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u300a\u8f9b\u695a\u62c9\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8feb\u4f7f\u4e0d\u4e39\u5272\u8ba9\u5676\u4f26\u5821\u548c\u675c\u5c14\u5e73\u539f\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u811a\u4e0b\u5927\u7247\u9886\u571f\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8feb\u4f7f\u4e0d\u4e39\u63a5\u53d7\u5176\u5916\u4ea4\u6307\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n

[41]1887-1893\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u518d\u6b21\u5165\u4fb5\u9521\u91d1\uff0c\u4e8e1890\u5e74\u8feb\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u5176\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u4e2d\u82f1\u4f1a\u8bae\u85cf\u5370\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u5c06\u9521\u91d1\u53d8\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u201d\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6269\u5f20\u4e3e\u63aa\uff0c\u81f319\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u6210\u529f\u5c06\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u3001\u4e0d\u4e39\u548c\u9521\u91d1\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u85e9\u5c5e\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5265\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7eb3\u5165\u82f1\u5f0f\u6b96\u6c11\u7279\u8272\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u968f\u4e4b\u5c06\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u9632\u7ebf\u63a8\u8fdc\u81f3\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c71\u95f4\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u63a5\u58e4\u5904\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u4e8e1824-1826\u5e74\uff0c1852-1853\u5e74\uff0c1885\u5e74\u4e09\u6b21\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5165\u4fb5\u7f05\u7538\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u7f05\u7538\u5272\u8ba9\u963f\u8428\u59c6\u5730\u533a\u9886\u571f\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u63a5\u58e4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u524d\u671f\u6269\u5f20\u4e3e\u63aa\uff0c\u4e3a\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea620\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u4e3e\u5165\u4fb5\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u3001\u9634\u8c0b\u4fb5\u5360\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u6253\u4e0b\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6253\u7740\u201c\u79d1\u8003\u201d\u5e4c\u5b50\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5730\u5f62\uff0c\u4e3a\u7ed8\u5236\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u82f1\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u7687\u5bb6\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u3001\u8bbe\u7acb\u7279\u6b8a\u671f\u520a\u300a\u4f26\u6566\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u3001\u542f\u52a8\u201c\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u52d8\u5bdf\u201d\u9879\u76ee\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u63a8\u8fdb\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\u7684\u914d\u5957\u4e3e\u63aa\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u201d\u4e54\u6cbb\ufe52\u57c3\u4f5b\u52d2\u65af\uff08George Everest\uff09[42]\u3001\u7f57\u6797\u68ee\uff08Henry Rawlinson\uff09[43]\u3001\u5bc7\u677e\uff08George Curzon\uff09[44]\u3001\u8d1d\u5229\uff08Frederick Marshman Bailey\uff09[45]\u3001\u8363\u8d6b\u9e4f\uff08Francis Younghusband\uff09[46]\u3001\u8d1d\u5c14\uff08Charles Bell\uff09[47]\u548c\u5a01\u5ec9\u900a\uff08Noel Williamson\uff09[48]\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u5174\u90fd\u5e93\u4ec0\u5c71\u533a\u3001\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u533a\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u85cf\u9ad8\u539f\u8fdb\u884c\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u63a8\u8fdb\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8fd8\u6d3e\u9063\u5f88\u591a\u4e54\u88c5\u6253\u626e\u7684\u79d1\u8003\u95f4\u8c0d\u201c\u73ed\u667a\u8fbe\u201d\uff08Pundits\uff09[49]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u8003\u95f4\u8c0d\u662f\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u6311\u9009\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u7279\u6b8a\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u6d3e\u9063\u5176\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5730\u5f62\uff0c\u5e76\u64b0\u5199\u865a\u5047\u53d9\u4e8b\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u65e5\u8bb0\uff0c\u4e3a\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5c40\u5236\u5b9a\u6269\u5f20\u6027\u5730\u56fe\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u671f\u81f320\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u82f1\u56fd\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u8003\u961f\u201d\u3001\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u7b49\u51fa\u6ca1\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u533a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u201c\u79d1\u8003\u201d\u4e3a\u5671\u5934\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u662f\u6536\u96c6\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u533a\u5730\u7406\u4eba\u6587\u60c5\u62a5\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u7ed8\u5236\u6269\u5f20\u6027\u5730\u56fe\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002[50]\u81f31911\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u5df2\u7ed8\u5236\u51fa\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u963f\u5947\u4f2f\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5185\u53c2\u62a5\u544a\u9644\u56fe\u5df2\u5448\u73b0\u201c\u9a6c\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u7684\u539f\u578b\u3002[51]\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u6545\u610f\u5236\u9020\u201c\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u4f4d\u201d\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u4e3a\u629b\u51fa\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u6e05\u695a\u77e5\u9053\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1911\u5e74\u963f\u5947\u4f2f\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u70ae\u5236\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u9644\u56fe\u660e\u786e\u6807\u6ce8\u897f\u85cf\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002[52]1899\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u82f1\u56fd\u5355\u8fb9\u8349\u62df\u7684 \u201c\u9a6c\u7ee7\u4e1a\u2014\u7aa6\u7eb3\u4e50\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u4ee4\u82f1\u56fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8f7b\u6613\u63a5\u53d7\u5176\u5355\u8fb9\u62df\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8c0b\u53d6\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u62e5\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u85cf\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u534f\u8bae\u90fd\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u629b\u51fa\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u5148\u5265\u79bb\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

1898\u5e74\u5bc7\u677e\u62c5\u4efb\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u52a0\u5feb\u63a8\u8fdb\u5efa\u7acb\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6218\u7565\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c1901\u5e74\u4f9d\u636e\u201c\u675c\u5170\u7ebf\u201d\u5355\u8fb9\u5ba3\u5e03\u6210\u7acb\u201c\u897f\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u7701\u201d\uff0c[53]\u540c\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5bc7\u677e\u63d0\u51fa\u628a\u897f\u85cf\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u201d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u53d7\u82f1\u56fd\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u201c\u7f13\u51b2\u56fd\u201d\uff0c1903\u5e741\u6708\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u201c\u5b97\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\u95ee\u9898[54]\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u8363\u8d6b\u9e4f\u7387\u519b\u5165\u4fb5\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\uff0c\u80c1\u8feb\u5676\u4f26\u662f\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u300a\u62c9\u8428\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4e0d\u987e\u5176\u5185\u90e8\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5185\u90e8\u8ba8\u8bba\u65f6\u6df1\u77e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u62e5\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c1911\u5e74\u201c\u9ea6\u7ebf\u201d\u70ae\u5236\u8005\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u5185\u53c2\u62a5\u544a\u9644\u56fe\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e05\u695a\u663e\u793a\u897f\u85cf\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u62e5\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c[55]\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u897f\u85cf\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u5b9c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u5916\u56fd\u7686\u4e0d\u51c6\u5e72\u6d89\u201d\u7b49\uff0c[56]\u4fe8\u7136\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\uff0c\u501f\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

[57]\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u6b64\u5f3a\u70c8\u6297\u8bae\u5e76\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u540e\u7ecf\u8c08\u52241906\u5e74\u8fbe\u6210\u300a\u4e2d\u82f1\u7eed\u8ba2\u85cf\u5370\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6062\u590d\u627f\u8ba4\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u9644\u52a0\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fb5\u5165\u897f\u85cf\u53ca\u4e0d\u5e72\u6d89\u897f\u85cf\u4e00\u5207\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u9738\u738b\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e3a\u5176\u4ee5\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u5e72\u6d89\u897f\u85cf\u4e8b\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u501f\u53e3\u3002[58]\u6b64\u5916\uff0c1907\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u62e5\u6709\u5b97\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u82f1\u4fc4\u4e0d\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5f97\u53c2\u4e0e\u897f\u85cf\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002[59]\u82f1\u56fd\u501f\u6b64\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c42\u9762\u5355\u8fb9\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u7f6e\u6362\u4e3a\u5b97\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u7ea6\u675f\u5176\u4ee5\u540e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u534f\u8bae\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u5170\u59c6\u6240\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u6b63\u662f1907\u5e74\u300a\u82f1\u4fc4\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u5c06\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u897f\u85cf\u653f\u7b56\u675f\u7f1a\u4e8620\u591a\u5e74\u3002\u201d[60]\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u52a0\u5927\u5e55\u540e\u6002\u607f\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u53cd\u53db\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e3a\u5176\u9634\u8c0b\u53ec\u5f00\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u3001\u629b\u51fa\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0e\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u505a\u597d\u4e0a\u8ff0\u51c6\u5907\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u968f\u540e\u7b79\u5212\u53ec\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u62e9\u65f6\u629b\u51fa\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u3002\u636e\u82f1\u56fd\u6863\u6848\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7b79\u5907\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9f13\u52a8\u8fbe\u8d56\u5587\u561b\u53cd\u53db\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c[61]\u30011910\u5e74\u8363\u8d6b\u9e4f\u516c\u7136\u5c06\u897f\u85cf\u5206\u79bb\u4e2d\u56fd\u629b\u51fa\u201c\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u4f4d\u201d\u95ee\u9898\uff0c[62]\u5e76\u8d81\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u5236\u9020\u897f\u85cf\u95ee\u9898\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\u63d0\u8bae\u4e09\u65b9\u4f1a\u8c08[63]\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u6731\u5c14\u5178\u76f4\u63a5\u5411\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u8bf7\u6c42\u8ba9\u9648\u8d3b\u8303\u6765\u62c5\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u8868\u7b49\u3002[64]\u5170\u59c6\u53c2\u8003\u5927\u91cf\u82f1\u56fd\u6863\u6848\u5b8c\u6210\u7684 \u300a\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u8fd8\u539f\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u9634\u8c0b\u53ec\u5f00\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u629b\u51fa\u8be5\u7ebf\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u6709\u5931\u5ba2\u89c2\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u4e0e\u5370\u65b9\u7acb\u573a\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5728\u62b9\u9ed1\u4e2d\u56fd\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

[65]\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a1964\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u5df2\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u6297\u8bae\u51761964\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u504f\u5411\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5370\u65b9\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u8d23\u4ee4\u5176\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u7f18\u6545\u3002[66]\u82f1\u56fd\u968f\u540e\u63d0\u51fa\u53ec\u5f00\u5173\u4e8e\u897f\u85cf\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e09\u65b9\u4f1a\u8c08\uff0c\u5373\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ece1913\u5e7410\u67086\u65e5\u6301\u7eed\u81f31914\u5e747\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5916\u4ea4\u5927\u81e3\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7235\u58eb\uff08Sir Henry McMahon\uff09\u5168\u6743\u4ee3\u8868\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3b\u6301\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u963f\u5947\u4f2f\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\uff08Charles Bell\uff09\u5206\u522b\u62c5\u4efb\u5176\u4e2d\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u897f\u85cf\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7279\u522b\u987e\u95ee\uff0c[67]\u9648\u8d3b\u8303\u5168\u6743\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c[68]\u4ee5\u5676\u4f26\u4f26\u94a6\u590f\u624e\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u4f1a\u4e0a\u629b\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u201c\u5185\u85cf\u5916\u85cf\u201d\u65b9\u6848\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6362\u6587\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7387\u5148\u629b\u51fa\u201c\u5185\u85cf\u5916\u85cf\u201d\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u82f1\u56fd\u4ee5\u8c03\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4e3a\u7531\u51c6\u5907\u4e00\u4efd\u4f26\u6566\u8349\u7ea6\uff0c\u8349\u7ea6\u6545\u610f\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u8fb9\u754c\u5206\u4e3a\u5185\u85cf\u7ebf\u4e0e\u5916\u85cf\u7ebf\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u5f15\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u8868\u548c\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\u805a\u7126\u8ba8\u8bba\u5185\u5916\u85cf\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6084\u6084\u5c06\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u690d\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u8349\u7ea6\u9644\u56fe\u4e2d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ece\u4f20\u7edf\u4e60\u60ef\u7ebf\u6cbf\u7740\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u811a\u4e0b\u4e00\u5e26\uff0c\u5077\u5077\u5730\u540e\u7f29\u81f3\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u4e0a\u4e00\u5e26\uff0c\u5373\u540e\u6765\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u7684\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u90a3\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n

[69]\u5982\u679c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u8868\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\u805a\u7126\u5185\u5916\u85cf\u4e4b\u5206\u800c\u6ca1\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u987a\u5229\u5728\u8349\u7ea6\u4e0a\u7b7e\u5b57\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7cbe\u5fc3\u70ae\u5236\u7684\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u987a\u7406\u6210\u7ae0\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u8be5\u8349\u7ea6\u9644\u56fe\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u57281911\u5e74\u963f\u5947\u4f2f\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u4e0a\u62a5\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5185\u53c2\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u5df2\u5b8c\u6574\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u8868\u9648\u8d3b\u8303\u62d2\u7edd\u5bf9\u6b64\u6b63\u5f0f\u7b7e\u62bc\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5957\u65b9\u6848\u9047\u963b\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u89c1\u72b6\u968f\u540e\u629b\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5957\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u8868\u8fdb\u884c\u79d8\u5bc6\u6362\u6587\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u4e8e1914\u5e743\u670824-25\u65e5\u8fdb\u884c\u79d8\u5bc6\u6362\u6587\uff0c\u6362\u6587\u9644\u56fe\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\uff0c\u5373\u540e\u6765\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u7f57\u65af1911\u5e74\u4e0a\u4ea4\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6574\u5448\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

[70]\uff081913-1914\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u53ec\u5f00\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u629b\u51fa\u5176\u65e9\u5df2\u62df\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u6b64\u56fe\u662f\u65b9\u6848A\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5185\u85cf\u5916\u85cf\u201d\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u6254\u51fa\u8be5\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u53e3\u79f0\u201c\u5185\u85cf\u5916\u85cf\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u5df2\u5c06\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u5185\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5982\u4eca\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u5904\uff0c\u6084\u7136\u5c06\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u4ece\u5c71\u811a\u4e0b\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u4ece\u6269\u5f20\u81f3\u5c71\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u540e\u6765\u7684\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u5904\uff0c\u89c1\u56fe\u4e2d\u9ec4\u8272\u90e8\u5206\u3002\uff09\u56fe\u6e90\u201c\u9065\u770b\u5357\u4e9a\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u79d8\u5bc6\u6362\u6587\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u77e5\u9053\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4f01\u56fe\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5730\u4f4d\u6362\u4e3a\u5b97\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u613f\u671b\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u5f97\u901e\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u300a1907\u82f1\u4fc4\u534f\u5b9a\u300b\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u53d7\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u79d8\u5bc6\u6362\u6587\u624d\u80fd\u751f\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8e\u662f\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u53c8\u6389\u8f6c\u5934\u6765\u8bbe\u6cd5\u8feb\u4f7f\u9648\u8d3b\u8303\u7b7e\u5b57\u30021914\u5e744\u670827\u65e5\u9648\u8d3b\u8303\u5728\u6e05\u695a\u77e5\u9053\u201c\u753b\u884c\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u7b7e\u62bc\u201d\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u88ab\u8feb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u201c\u753b\u884c\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u8349\u7b7e\uff0c\u8349\u7b7e\u9700\u8981\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6279\u51c6\u624d\u80fd\u751f\u6548\u3002[71]\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u9648\u8d3b\u8303\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c1914\u5e744\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u987e\u7ef4\u94a7\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u6731\u5c14\u5178\u4e25\u6b63\u6297\u8bae\u9648\u8d3b\u8303\u88ab\u8feb\u8349\u7b7e\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u653f\u7b56\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u4e8b\u5b9c\u3002[72]\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u53c8\u56fe\u8c0b\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u8868\u5355\u72ec\u7b7e\u7ea6\uff0c\u7136\u800c1914\u5e747\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5370\u5ea6\u4e8b\u52a1\u5927\u81e3\u514b\u9c81\u52cb\u7235\u7ed9\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7763\u53d1\u6765\u52a0\u6025\u7535\u62a5\uff0c\u544a\u77e5\u4ed6\u201c\u82f1\u738b\u965b\u4e0b\u653f\u5e9c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6388\u6743\u5355\u72ec\u4e0e\u897f\u85cf\u4ee3\u8868\u7b7e\u5b57\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\u53cc\u65b9\u4ee5\u53d1\u8868\u4e00\u4efd\u6709\u5173\u82f1\u85cf\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\u800c\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u7ec8\u7a76\u6ca1\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u65b9\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5170\u59c6\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u4fbf\u4ee5\u4e00\u573a\u4f5c\u79c0\u6536\u5c3e\u4e86\u3002\u201d[73]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5145\u5206\u8bc1\u660e\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3b\u6301\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u8017\u65f6\u8fd19\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u9634\u8c0b\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u629b\u51fa\u5176\u84c4\u8c0b\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u670d\u52a1\u5176\u63a8\u8fdb\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\uff081913-1914\u5e74\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u629b\u51faB\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u82f1\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0e\u897f\u85cf\u4ee3\u8868\u4ee5\u79d8\u5bc6\u6362\u6587\u65b9\u5f0f\u628a\u8be5\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\u629b\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6362\u6587\u4e2d\u7ea6\u5b9a\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u5185\u85cf\u5916\u85cf\u7ebf\u201d\u65b9\u6848\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\u65b9\u6848\u624d\u80fd\u751f\u6548\u3002\u201c\u5185\u85cf\u5916\u85cf\u7ebf\u201d\u65b9\u6848\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u8be5B\u65b9\u6848\u81ea\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u751f\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u77e5\u9053\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u6ca1\u6562\u5bf9\u5916\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31936\u5e74\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5c40\u5236\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u5077\u5077\u5c06\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u6807\u6ce8\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u5047\u5730\u56fe\u53bb\u4fee\u6539\u82f1\u56fd\u5730\u56fe\u3002\uff09\u56fe\u6e90\u201c\u9065\u770b\u5357\u4e9a\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u672a\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u65b9\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u9648\u8d3b\u8303\u8349\u7b7e\u4e14\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u4efd\u8349\u7ea6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u6362\u6587\uff0c\u53d7\u300a1907\u82f1\u4fc4\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u5265\u79bb\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5730\u4f4d\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u6240\u9650\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u79d8\u5bc6\u6362\u6587\u4e5f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u82e5\u60f3\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4efd\u79d8\u5bc6\u6362\u6587\u5408\u6cd5\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u897f\u85cf\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u9f13\u52a8\u897f\u85cf\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u91ce\u5fc3\u968f\u7740\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u800c\u88ab\u6253\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u6e05\u695a\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\u4e0d\u662f\u53bb\u52d8\u754c\u843d\u5b9e\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7aed\u529b\u63a9\u85cf\uff0c\u591a\u5e74\u672a\u6562\u4f7f\u7528\u3002[74]\u6b63\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c1929\u5e74\u516c\u5f00\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u827e\u5947\u900a\u6761\u7ea6\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c14\u5377\u7b80\u5355\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c1913\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u85cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5168\u6743\u4ee3\u8868\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5f00\u4f1a\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u51b3\u4e2d\u85cf\u8fb9\u754c\u4e8b\u5b9c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1914\u5e74\u62df\u5c31\u548c\u8349\u7b7e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u65b9\u6761\u7ea6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5176\u5168\u6743\u4ee3\u8868\u8fdb\u884c\u6b63\u5f0f\u7b7e\u5b57\u2026\u2026\u201d\uff0c[75]\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u63d0\u53ca\u79d8\u5bc6\u6362\u6587\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002\u5170\u59c6\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa1929\u5e74\u516c\u5f00\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u827e\u5947\u900a\u6761\u7ea6\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c14\u5377\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u3002[76]\u7136\u800c\uff0c1935\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u7f05\u7538\u4ece\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5e1d\u56fd\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c[77]\u7531\u4e8e\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7275\u6d89\u4e2d\u7f05\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8d81\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u6545\u610f\u9020\u5047\uff0c\u5e76\u865a\u5047\u53d9\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e8e1936\u5e74\u5355\u8fb9\u975e\u6cd5\u66ff\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed8\u5236\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u5047\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u897f\u85cf\u9ad8\u5730\u53ca\u5468\u56f4\u5730\u533a\u201d\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u5c06\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u6807\u6ce8\u51fa\u6765\u3002[78]\u968f\u540e\u82f1\u56fd\u4ee5\u6b64\u5047\u5730\u56fe\u4fee\u6539\u5176\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5c06\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u6807\u6ce8\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5170\u59c6\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u52301938\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u5e45\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u897f\u85cf\u9ad8\u5730\u53ca\u5468\u56f4\u5730\u533a\u201d\u5730\u56fe\u6765\u4fee\u6539\u5730\u56fe\uff0c[79]\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u5e45\u5730\u56fe\u662f1936\u5e74\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5c40\u975e\u6cd5\u66ff\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u5047\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u82f1\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\u8fd8\u5077\u5077\u4fee\u6539\u4e0a\u8ff0\u300a\u827e\u5947\u900a\u6761\u7ea6\u96c6\u300b\u6709\u5173\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u6863\u6848\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4e8e1938\u5e74\u4e0b\u4ee4\u6536\u56de\u5e76\u505c\u6b62\u53d1\u884c1929\u5e74\u7248\u300a\u827e\u5947\u900a\u6761\u7ea6\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f1938\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u5374\u6807\u6ce8\u4e3a1929\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4f2a\u9020\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u84c4\u610f\u589e\u6dfb\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5370\u65b9\u8fb9\u754c\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n

[80]\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f2a\u9020\u7248\u672c\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6491\u5176\u8fb9\u754c\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5f53\u5c40\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u53bb\u7ba1\u7406\u76f8\u5173\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6b63\u59821950\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5411\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u6c47\u62a5\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u5883\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u9700\u6c42\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u897f\u85cf\u963f\u8428\u59c6\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u662f\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u85cf\u653f\u5e9c\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u9664\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u897f\u85cf\u4e0e\u963f\u8428\u59c6\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u66f4\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u662f\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u6548\u6b65\u9aa4\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u897f\u85cf\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u4e4b\u4e0b\u30021943\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a8\u8fdb\u5176\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u5360\u6709\u884c\u52a8\u4e0d\u4f46\u518d\u6b21\u8bc1\u660e\u6ca1\u6cd5\u53bb\u5b9e\u9645\u63a7\u5236\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u897f\u85cf\u5bf9\u8fbe\u65fa\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5360\u6709\u884c\u52a8\u53ea\u80fd\u505c\u6b62\u4e8e\u8fbe\u65fa\uff08Tawang\uff09\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u897f\u5c71\u53e3\uff08Se La Pass\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u5360\u6709\u884c\u52a8\u8fd8\u6fc0\u8d77\u897f\u85cf\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u8c08\u5224\u4e2d\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u80fd\u8ba9\u897f\u85cf\u653f\u5e9c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u6743\u90a3\u4e48\u505a\u2026\u2026\u201d[81] \u82f1\u56fd\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u6761\u7ea6\u5bfc\u81f4\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u300a1907\u5e74\u82f1\u4fc4\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u53d8\u4e3a\u5b97\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u6761\u7ea6\u53c8\u660e\u6587\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u522b\u56fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u5e72\u6d89\u897f\u85cf\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d71913-1914\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u6761\u7ea6\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u201c\u9ea6\u7ebf\u201d\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u63a7\u5236\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u82f1\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\u6ca1\u53bb\u5b9e\u9645\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u56e0\u6b641945-1947\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u5236\u5b9a\u4ece\u5357\u4e9a\u64a4\u9000\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u7684\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5e1d\u56fd\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u571f\u90a6\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u8fb9\u5883\u90e8\u843d\u533a\uff0c\u4e09\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u5e73\u884c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fb9\u5883\u90e8\u843d\u533a\u6765\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n

[82]\u82f1\u56fd\u64a4\u9000\u65b9\u6848\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a1947\u5e748\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4ece\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u64a4\u9000\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u4e24\u4e2a\u81ea\u6cbb\u9886\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u524d\u82f1\u738b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u571f\u90a6\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u8fb9\u5883\u90e8\u843d\u533a\u6240\u6709\u534f\u8bae\u81ea\u52a8\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u571f\u90a6\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u8fb9\u5883\u90e8\u843d\u533a\u7684\u672a\u6765\u5f52\u5c5e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u66f4\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u7ee7\u627f\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u4ea7\u95ee\u9898\u3002[83]1947\u5e746\u6708\u82f1\u56fd\u827e\u5fb7\u91cc\u9996\u76f8\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c47\u62a5\u64a4\u9000\u65b9\u6848\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9886\u571f\u5f52\u5c5e\u95ee\u9898\u3002[84]1948-1950\u5e74\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u4e0e\u9881\u5e03\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

[85]1950\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u89e3\u653e\u897f\u85cf\u65f6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u6307\u5bfc\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e05\u695a\u5199\u660e\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ca\u5730\u533a\u62e5\u6709\u6743\u76ca\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u3001\u4e0d\u4e39\u3001\u9521\u91d1\u3001\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u3001\u53f0\u91cc\u2014\u52a0\u8d6b\u74e6\u5c14\u548c\u5df4\u6c99\u8d6b\uff08\uff08Tehri-Garhwal\u3001Bashahr\uff0c\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u4e2d\u6bb5\uff09\u3001\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u548c\u574e\u5de8\u63d0\u3002[86]\u7136\u800c\uff0c1951\u5e742\u6708\u5370\u5ea6\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u5374\u6d3e\u519b\u4fb5\u5360\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8fbe\u65fa\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5355\u8fb9\u58f0\u79f0\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u5408\u6cd5\u6765\u81ea\u5706\u8fb9\u754c\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u9020\u5047\u3001\u7f16\u6545\u4e8b\u7b49\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7acb\u573a\uff09\u5e76\u5927\u4e3e\u4fb5\u5360\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e1c\u6bb5\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff081950\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u5b98\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u56fe\u4e2d\u6e05\u695a\u663e\u793a\uff1a\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u897f\u6bb5\u3001\u4e2d\u6bb5\u4e3a\u201c\u672a\u5b9a\u8fb9\u754c\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u4e1c\u6bb5\u867d\u7136\u4ee5\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u6807\u6ce8\uff0c\u4f46\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u7a7a\u767d\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u4e0d\u5728\u5370\u65b9\u7ba1\u7406\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ec5\u753b\u5728\u963f\u8428\u59c6\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u4e0e1950\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u79fb\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6863\u6848\u8bb0\u8f7d\u5185\u5bb9\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\uff09\u56fe\u6e90\u201c\u9065\u770b\u5357\u4e9a\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001\u7ed3\u8bed\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5370\u5ea6\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u8be5\u201c\u7ebf\u201d\u70ae\u5236\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f53\u73b0\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5de5\u7a0b\u53ca\u591a\u79cd\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u51fa\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u5176\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u8017\u65f6100\u4f59\u5e74\u591a\u9014\u5f84\u63a8\u8fdb\u8be5\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6784\u5efa\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u591a\u5c42\u9632\u7ebf\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8fdb\u884c\u8fb9\u5883\u5b9e\u9645\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u70ae\u5236\u51fa\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u7b49\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6df1\u77e5\u5176\u7f3a\u5c11\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u53bb\u6539\u53d8\u8fb9\u5883\u73b0\u72b6\u843d\u5730\u5b9e\u63a7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5355\u8fb9\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5f62\u6210\u201c\u5185\u7ebf\u201d\u201c\u5916\u7ebf\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6218\u7565\u7ebf\u201d\u4e09\u5c42\u9632\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u539f\u672c\u738b\u56fd\u6797\u7acb\u7684\u5357\u4e9a\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u634f\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u9645\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5927\u7247\u9886\u571f\u4e5f\u753b\u8fdb\u5176\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u634f\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u9762\u79ef\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7ba1\u8f96\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5c06\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5e1d\u56fd\u5206\u4e3a\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u571f\u90a6\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u8fb9\u5883\u90e8\u843d\u533a\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u4e88\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u95f4\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u7ba1\u8f96\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u9519\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u57cb\u4e0b\u8bf8\u591a\u8fb9\u754c\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u7978\u6839\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u719f\u77e5\u5176\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7248\u56fe\u53ca\u5b9e\u9645\u7ba1\u7406\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b641947\u5e74\u64a4\u9000\u65f6\uff0c\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u8be6\u7ec6\u89c4\u5b9a\u5176\u76f4\u63a5\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u201c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u4e24\u4e2a\u81ea\u6cbb\u9886\uff0c\u987a\u4fbf\u63d0\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\u4ece\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u64a4\u9000\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u6d89\u53ca\u571f\u90a6\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u8fb9\u5883\u90e8\u843d\u533a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7b7e\u7ea6\u81ea\u52a8\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u571f\u90a6\u548c\u8fb9\u5883\u90e8\u843d\u533a\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u79fb\u4ea4\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3b\u6743\u6743\u76ca\u7684\u9886\u571f\u7ed9\u5370\u5ea6\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c1948-1950\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9886\u571f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ece1951\u5e74\u52301953\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5df2\u4fb5\u5360\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u5927\u7247\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u4e8e1954\u5e74\u5355\u8fb9\u4fee\u6539\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u5c06\u539f\u5148\u5728\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u897f\u6bb5\u548c\u4e2d\u6bb5\u6807\u6ce8\u7684\u201c\u672a\u5b9a\u8fb9\u754c\u201d[87]\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u5df2\u5b9a\u8fb9\u754c\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u5212\u4e3a\u201c\u4e1c\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u533a\u201d\uff0c[88]\u96b6\u5c5e\u963f\u8428\u59c6\u90a6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u6e05\u695a\u663e\u793a\u897f\u85cf\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002[89]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c1950\u5e74\u81f31954\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5bf9\u534e\u653f\u7b56\u53ca\u8fb9\u754c\u653f\u7b56\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u8c03\u6574\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u9644\u56fe9\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u8c03\u6574\u5bf9\u4ee5\u540e\u4e2d\u5370\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u53d1\u5c55\u9020\u6210\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u540e\u5370\u5ea6\u5f3a\u786c\u5730\u4f9d\u636e\u51761954\u5e74\u5730\u56fe\u575a\u6301\u8fb9\u754c\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5949\u884c\u201c\u524d\u8fdb\u653f\u7b56\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u505c\u6269\u5f20\u8695\u98df\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u5370\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u65ad\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u8d70\u54111962\u5e74\u5bf9\u5370\u81ea\u536b\u53cd\u51fb\u6218\u30022019\u5e74\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u518d\u6b21\u5927\u4e3e\u4fee\u6539\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u963f\u514b\u8d5b\u94a6\u3001\u514b\u52d2\u9752\u6cb3\u8c37\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u7279-\u5df4\u5c14\u8482\u65af\u5766\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u90fd\u7eb3\u5165\u5176\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u62c9\u8fbe\u514b\u4e2d\u592e\u76f4\u8f96\u533a\u201d\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u5b9b\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u63a8\u8fdb\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\u7684\u5e7d\u7075\u518d\u73b0\u3002\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4e3e\u63aa\uff0c\u5fc5\u5c06\u7ed9\u4e2d\u5370\u5173\u7cfb\u5e26\u6765\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a[1]https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/news\/india\/ties-with-china-won-t-see-normalcy-until-border-issues-get-resolved-says-eam-jaishankar-11679184385268.html<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e741\u670810\u65e5\u3002[2]https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/mcmahon-line-us-senate-8499398\/<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e741\u670811\u65e5\uff1b<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/us-recognises-mcmahon-line-as-international-boundary-between-china-and-arunachal-pradesh\/article66621528.ece<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e741\u670810\u65e5\u3002[3] \u5415\u662d\u4e49\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u5370\u5df4\u9886\u571f\u7ea0\u7eb7\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2013\u5e74\uff1b\u5415\u662d\u4e49\u3001\u674e\u5fd7\u519c\uff1a\u300a\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u7684\u7531\u6765\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u8d28\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u300b2005\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff1b\u5b5f\u5e86\u9f99\uff1a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u89c6\u9608\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2023\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u56e0\u7d20\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b2014\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u6c38\u6500\uff1a\u300a\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf(1937-1947)\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2007\u5e74\uff1b\u300a\u82f1\u5370\u4ee5\u8272\u62c9(Sela)\u4e3a\u754c\u7684\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u53d8\u66f4\u8ba1\u5212\u53ca\u653f\u7b56\u5206\u6b67\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fb9\u7586\u5b66\u300b\uff0c2013\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c196-218\u9875\uff1b\u6881\u4fca\u8273\uff1a\u300a\u5965\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u5361\u7f57\u4e0e\u82f1\u5370\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u653f\u7b56\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5b66\u300b2022\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\uff1b\u5eb7\u6c11\u519b\uff1a\u300a\u8bd5\u6790\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6765\u9f99\u53bb\u8109\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u9996\u90fd\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\uff09\u300b\uff0c2002\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\uff1b\u5b54\u6668\u65ed\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0e\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c2005\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff1b\u738b\u5b8f\u7eac\uff1a\u300a\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u60c5\u7ed3\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u5370\u5173\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1998\u5e74\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u9a6c\u8363\u4e45\u3001\u725b\u519b\uff1a\u300a\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5bf9\u534e\u8fb9\u754c\u653f\u7b56\uff1a\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u300b2010\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff1b\u9093\u7ea2\u82f1\uff1a\u300a1949\u5e74-1958\u5e74\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u7ea0\u7eb7\u53ca\u5176\u5904\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b2014\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002[4] \u6c88\u5fd7\u534e\uff1a\u300a\u4e8b\u4e0e\u613f\u8fdd\uff1a\u51b7\u6218\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5904\u7406\u9646\u5730\u8fb9\u754c\u7ea0\u7eb7\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u300b2014\u5e748\u6708\u53f7\uff0c\u7b2c144\u671f\uff1b\u6234\u8d85\u6b66\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u5360\u9886\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u53ca\u5176\u610f\u4e49\uff081951-1954\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u5171\u515a\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b2014\u5e74\u7b2c12\u671f\uff1b\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u5360\u9886\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4ee5\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u53ca\u5176\u610f\u4e49(1951\u20141954)(\u7eed)\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u5171\u515a\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c2015\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

[5] \u8d75\u7406\u6d77\uff1a\u300a\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b1987\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff1b\u66fe\u6d69\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u4e1c\u6bb5\u8fb9\u754c\u5212\u754c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f9d\u636e \u300b\uff0c \u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e, 2013\uff1b\u5411\u654f\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u6743\u5a01\u5b66\u8005\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u6548\u529b\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u5357\u8d22\u7ecf\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\uff0c2020\u5e74\uff1b\u738b\u5f66\u4f1f\uff1a\u300a\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\uff0c2009\u5e74\uff1b\u6bb5\u5f6c\uff1a\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u5bf9\u201c\u9ea6\u7ebf\u201d\u4ee5\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5360\u9886\u653f\u7b56\u63a2\u6790\uff081949-1959\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u534e\u4e1c\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u8bba\u6587\uff0c2018\u5e74\uff1b\u82a6\u7b1b\uff1a\u300a\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u4e0e\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\uff1a\u82f1\u4eba\u74e6\u5fb7\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u63a2\u9669\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u3001\u5730\u7406\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u897f\u5357\u8fb9\u7586\u6c11\u65cf\u7814\u7a76\u300b2017\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u66fe\u4e16\u82f1\uff1a\u300a\u4ece\u5236\u56fe\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6d4b\u7ed8\u901a\u62a5\u300b1959\u5e74\u7b2c14\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

[6] Neville Maxwell, India\u2019s China War, London: Jonathan Cape, 1970\uff0cpp. 38-73.[7] Bertil Lintner\uff0cChina's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World\uff0cOxford University Press, India\uff0c2018.\uff08\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u5370\u5ea6\u5206\u793e\uff09[8] Alastair Lamb, The China-India Border: The origins Of the Disputed Boundaries\uff0cLondon: Oxford University Press, 1964, pp.1-38.[9]<\/p>\n

Mr. Lamb\u2019s Book on the Sino-Indian Border Question: Talk with Mr. Kenneth Younger,from So. S. Cabinet to CRO, Minutes, Confidential, Jan.16-22, 1964, FO371\/175929, Adam Matthew Digital.[10] Alastair Lamb\u2019s other books, please refer to: The McMahon Line: A Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, 2 volumes, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966;<\/p>\n

The Sino-Indian Border in Ladakh, Australian National University Press, 1973;British India and Tibet 1766-1910,London: Routledge, 1986;Tibet, China & India 1914-1950, Hertfordshire: Oxford Books, 1989.[11] Margaret W. Fisher, Leo E. Rose: Himalayan Battleground;<\/p>\n

Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh, New York: Praeger, 1963.[12] Karunakar Gupta, Hidden History of Sino-Indian Frontier I 1947-1954, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 9, No. 18 (May 4 1974), pp. 721-726;Hidden History of Sino-Indian Frontier II 1954-1959, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 9, No. 19 (May 11 1974), pp. 765+767+769-772\uff1b<\/p>\n

K. \u53e4\u666e\u5854\u8457\uff0c\u738b\u5b8f\u4f1f\uff0c\u738b\u81f3\u4ead\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u79d8\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1990\uff0c\u7b2c1\u81f35\u9875\u3002[13] Avtar Singh Bhasin(edited), India-China Relations 1947-2000: A Documentary Study,5 Volumes, Published in Cooperation with Policy and Research Division Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2018;<\/p>\n

K.R. Gupta, The Select Documents on India-China Relations, India: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd, 2018.[14] Vijay Gokhale, The Long Game: How the Chinese Negotiate with India\uff0cPenguin Random House India Private Limited, 2021. \uff08\u4f01\u9e45\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u5370\u5ea6\u5206\u793e\uff09[15] Nirupama Rao\uff0cThe Fractured Himalaya: India Tibet China 1949-1962\uff0cPenguin Random House<\/p>\n

India Private Limited\uff0c2021. \uff08\u4f01\u9e45\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u5370\u5ea6\u5206\u793e\uff09[16] General J.J Singh\uff0cThe McMahon Line: A Century of Discord\uff0cHarperCollins India\uff0c2019. \uff08HarperCollins\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u5370\u5ea6\u5206\u793e\uff09[17] Claude Arpi\uff0cIndia Tibet Relations (1947-1962)\uff0cVij Books India Pvt Limited\uff0c2020. \uff08Vij Book\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u5370\u5ea6\u5206\u793e\uff09[18] \u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u201cA new map of the empires, states, provinces & c of Asia : including also the Tur<\/p>\n

kish & Russian dominions in Europe & New Holland from the most authentic observations \/ published 1st January\uff0c1798\uff0cby Robert Wilkinson\u201d, 1798, American Geographical Society Library \u2013 Maps, https:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/digital\/collection\/agdm\/id\/17526\/rec\/2<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e742\u67081\u65e5;<\/p>\n

\u201cHindostan, drawn under the direction of Mr. Pinkerton by L. Hebert;S.J. Neele;published by Dobson\u201d, 1818, American Geographical Society Library \u2013 Maps, https:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/digital\/collection\/agdm\/id\/14869\/rec\/2<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e742\u67081\u65e5;<\/p>\n

\u201cMap of Afghanistan and the adjacent countries \/ published by authority of the Honble Court of Directors of the East India Company ;<\/p>\n

drawn & engraved by J. & C. Walker. Wm. H. Allen & Co. \u201d, 1844, American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection – UWM Libraries Digital Collections, https:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/digital\/collection\/agdm\/id\/19504\/rec\/1<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e742\u67081\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[19] \u201cScientific Frontier\u201d, \u6709\u4eba\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u754c\u201d\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u66f4\u4e3a\u5408\u9002\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u662f\u591a\u91cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u5370\u5ea6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u9632\u7ebf\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u6761\u786e\u5207\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n

[20] C. Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir 1947-1948, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2002, p. 12.[21] Sir G. Campbell, M.P., The Afghan Frontier, London: Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, S.W., 1879.[22] \u963f\u5947\u4f2f\u5fb7\ufe52\u7f57\u65af\u66fe\u4efb\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e91\u5357\u817e\u51b2\u9886\u4e8b\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u201c\u79d1\u8003\u201d\u4e3a\u540d\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u8003\u5bdf\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e91\u5357\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u548c\u65b0\u7586\u7684\u8fb9\u5883\uff0c\u4e8e1911\u5e74\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9012\u4ea4\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5355\u8fb9\u81c6\u9020\u4e00\u6761\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u5730\u56fe\u7ebf\uff0c\u5185\u542b\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u539f\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

1913-1914\u5e74\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u62c5\u4efb\u82f1\u56fd\u5168\u6743\u4ee3\u8868\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7235\u58eb\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u82f1\u65b9\u526f\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u201cReport on the Chinese Frontier of India\u201d, by Archibald Rose, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital;<\/p>\n

\u201cConfidential Memorandum on Frontier Affairs\u201d, by Archibald Rose, 3rd October 1911, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital.[23] Brinda Grill, The Big Man Survey Sir George Everest, https:\/\/web.archive.org\/w<\/a><\/p>\n

eb\/20170210152803\/http:\/\/www.krcmar.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2000_Winter_The%20Big%20Man-%20Surveying%20Sir%20George_1.pdf<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e742\u67081\u65e5\uff1b<\/p>\n

History: The Great Trigonometrical Survey, Blue Sci, Cambridge University Science Magazine, https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140727125305\/http:\/\/www.bluesci.org\/?p=2028<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e742\u67082\u65e5\u3002[24] https:\/\/www.rgs.org\/about\/the-society\/history-and-future<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e742\u670820\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[25] The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, https:\/\/catalog.hathitrust.org\/Record\/009993631<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e742\u67082\u65e5\u3002[26] \u201cIndia-A Political, Religious Jig-Saw 1947\u201d, FO 371\/63551, the National Archive of UK\uff1b\u201cIndian Independence Act 1947\u201d, https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1947\/30\/pdfs\/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e743\u67081\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[27] Neville Maxwell, India\u2019s China War, London: Jonathan Cape, 1970, p. 21.[28] \u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u59da\u8fdc\u6885\uff1a\u300a\u56f0\u5883\u4e0e\u53cd\u5e94\uff1a\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u5370\u5df4\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u4e89\u7aef\uff081947-1948\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c2013\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c15\u9875\uff1bRamusack, Barbara, \u201cThe Indian Princes and their States\u201d, The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp.320- 330.[29] \u59da\u8fdc\u6885\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u963f\u5df4\u8fb9\u754c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u5b63\u520a\u300b2014\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u300a\u675c\u5170\u5fb7\u7ebf\u4fb5\u7565\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u7684\u6ce5\u6f6d\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u754c\u201d\u8bf4\u8d77\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7814\u7a76\u300b2012\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\uff1b\u300a\u963f\u5df4\u8fb9\u754c\u201c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u201d\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5df4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d70\u5eca\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u56f0\u5883\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4e16\u754c\u7814\u7a76\u300b2015\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

[30] \u201cMap of Kashmir with its passes: Ladak & Little Tibet, the mountain course of the Indus and the Alpine Punjab, generally taken principally from the MSS. Surveys of G.T. Vigne, Esqr. F.G.S. compiled by order of the Court of Directors, of the East India Company by John Walker. From book: Travels in Kashmir, Ladak, Iskardo, the countrie<\/p>\n

s adjoining the mountain-course of the Indus, and the Himalaya, north of the Panjab … \/ by G.T. Vigne\u201d, 1842, American Geographical Society Library \u2013 Maps, https:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/digital\/collection\/agdm\/id\/14907\/rec\/4<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e741\u670810\u65e5.[31] \u201cConfidential Memorandum on Frontier Affairs\u201d, by Archibald Rose, 3rd October 1911, Papers<\/p>\n

and Documents for Government of Pakistan , Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Great Qing in East Asia in 1820\u201d, https:\/\/www.deviantart.com\/cattette\/art\/The-Qing-Dynasty-in-1820-861935267<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e741\u670810\u65e5.[32] William Johnson, "Report on His Journey to Ilch\u00ed, the Capital of Khotan, in Chinese Tartary", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 37. (1867), pp. 1-47.[33] \u201cThe Northern Frontier of I<\/p>\n

ndia, from the Pamirs to Tibet\u201d, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Relimination of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital.[34] \u201cFrontier (secret)\u201d, by the Right Hon\u2019ble Lord George F. Hamilton (Her Majesty\u2019s Secretary of State for India, Simla, the 27th Oc<\/p>\n

tober 1898, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital.[35] \u201cIndia-A Political, Religious Jig-Saw 1947\u201d, FO 371\/63551, the National Archive of UK.[36] \u201cPolitical map of India\u201d, 1:4m, 0.9m*0.9m, English 10th Edi<\/p>\n

tion\/2020, https:\/\/surveyofindia.gov.in\/documents\/polmap-eng-11012021.jpg<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e743\u670819\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[37] Sir G. Campbell, M.P., The Afghan Frontier, London: Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, S.W., 1879, pp. 81-82.[38] \u201cChinese Interests in the States of North – Eastern India\u201d, Chinese Interests in the States of North East India, FO 371\/ 84261, Adam Mathew Digital.[39] \u6768\u4f1f\u5cf0:\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u5361\u62c9\u5e15\u5c3c\u9886\u571f\u4e89\u8bae\u4e4b\u8003\u5bdf\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0e\u6d77\u6d0b\u7814\u7a76\u300b2023\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff1b<\/p>\n

Dr. Priyanka Kumari and Dr. Ramanek Kushwaha, \u201cSugauli Treaty 1816\u201d, https:\/\/www.historyjournal.net\/article\/42\/2-2-17-612.pdf,<\/a> \u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e744\u67082\u65e5;\u201cNepal Demands Return of Darjeeling From India Lost via Sugauli Treaty\u201d, https:\/\/eurasiantimes.com\/nepal-demands-return-of-darjeeling-from-india-lost-via-sugauli-treaty\/<\/a>\uff0c \u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e744\u67082\u65e5\uff1b<\/p>\n

Avtar Singh Bhasin edited, Nepal\u2019s Relations with India and China Documents 1947-1992, Delhi: SIBA EXIM PVT. LVD, 1994, pp.16-23.[40] Alex Mckay, The Anglo-Sikkim War of 1861, International Institute for Asian Studies\uff0cpp.31-48, https:\/\/himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk\/collections\/journals\/bot\/pdf\/bot_2009_02_02.pdf<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e744\u67081\u65e5[41] Rennie, D.<\/p>\n

F. (David Field)\uff0cBhotan and the story of the Dooar war\uff0cLondon, J. Murray, 1866\uff0chttps:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/42046047\/<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e744\u67081\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

.[42] \u4e54\u6cbb\ufe52\u57c3\u4f5b\u52d2\u65af\uff08George Everest\uff09\u73e0\u7a46\u6717\u739b\u5cf0\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\uff0c\u6545\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5c06\u73e0\u7a46\u6717\u739b\u5cf0\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u53d6\u540d\u4e3aMt. Everest\u3002[43] \u7f57\u6797\u68ee\uff08Henry Rawlinson\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u662f\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u519b\u5b98\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5bf9\u897f\u4e9a\u548c\u4e2d\u4e9a\u7684\u79d1\u8003\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u53ca\u4e3b\u5f20\u82f1\u4fc4\u5728\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u548c\u4e2d\u4e9a\u5927\u89d2\u9010\uff0c\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5730\u7406\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002[44] \u5bc7\u677e\uff08George Curzon\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7763\u548c\u8fb9\u7586\u95ee\u9898\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u5176\u8d74\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u3001\u5e15\u7c73\u5c14\u7684\u79d1\u8003\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5730\u7406\u534f\u4f1a\u6388\u4e88\u91d1\u8d28\u5956\u7ae0\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u56e0\u6cbb\u7406\u5370\u5ea6\u8fb9\u7586\u53ca\u5efa\u7acb\u5370\u5ea6\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u8fb9\u754c\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5730\u7406\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u8457\u6709\u300a\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4e9a\uff081888-1889\uff09\u300b\uff08Russia and Central Asia 1888-1889)\uff0c\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u8fb9\u754c\u300b\uff08On the Indian Frontiers\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u5e15\u7c73\u5c14\u4e0e\u963f\u59c6\u6cb3\u300b\uff08The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u8fdc\u4e1c\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u671d\u9c9c\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\uff08Japan, Korea and China\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u8fb9\u754c\u300b\uff08Frontiers\uff09\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

[45] \u8d1d\u5229\uff08Frederick Marshman Bailey\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u60c5\u62a5\u5904\u5b98\u5458\uff0c 20\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u4fc4\u5927\u89d2\u9010\u9f13\u5439\u624b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u56e0\u5176\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5730\u7406\u8003\u5bdf\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u8d21\u732e\uff0c1906\u5e74\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5730\u7406\u534f\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u91d1\u8d28\u5956\u7ae0\uff08Gold Explorer\u2019s Medal\uff09\u3002\u51762000\u591a\u79cd\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6807\u672c\u6536\u96c6\uff0c\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u81ea\u7136\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6536\u85cf\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u6807\u672c\u6536\u96c6\u88ab\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u81ea\u7136\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6536\u85cf\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u53ca\u56fe\u50cf\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u3002[46] \u8363\u8d6b\u9e4f\uff08Francis Younghusband\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9646\u519b\u519b\u5b98\u3001\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u3001\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002\u56e0\u5176\u5bf9\u63a2\u7d22\u897f\u85cf\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5730\u7406\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\u6709\u300a\u5927\u9646\u5fc3\u810f\u300b\uff08The Heart of a Continent\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u300b\uff08Kashmir\uff09\u3001\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u897f\u85cf\u300b\uff08India and Tibet: a History of the Relations Which have Subsisted Between the Two Countries from the Time of Warren Hastings to 1910;with a Particular Account of the Mission to Lhasa of 1904\uff09[47] \u8d1d\u5c14\uff08Charles Bell\uff09\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u5b98\uff0c\u300a1904\u62c9\u8428\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7b7e\u8ba2\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ba1\u7406\u6625\u6bd4\u6eaa\u8c37\uff08Chunbi Valley\uff09\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u5f00\u59cb\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u897f\u85cf\u3002<\/p>\n

1913-1914\u897f\u59c6\u62c9\u4f1a\u8bae\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7684\u897f\u85cf\u95ee\u9898\u987e\u95ee\u3002[48] \u5a01\u5ec9\u900a\uff08Noel Williamson\uff09\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u5f62\u5730\u52bf\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u6025\u5148\u950b\uff0c1911\u5e74\u88ab\u85cf\u5357\u90e8\u65cf\u6740\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n

[49] Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1990.[50] Michael Ward. The Survey Of India And The Pundits .The Himalayan Journal,55.(1999), https:\/\/www.himalayanclub.org\/hj\/55\/10\/the-survey-of-india-and-the-pundits\/<\/a>\uff0c2023-04-18\uff1b<\/p>\n

T.G. Montgomerie, \u201cReport on the Trans-Himalayan Explorations in Connexion with the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, during 1865-7 Route-Survey Made by Pundit from Nepal to Lhasa and thence through the Upper Valley of the Brahmaputra to Its Source.\u201d Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. 12, no. 3, 1867, pp.14<\/p>\n

6\u2013175.[51] \u201cReport on the Chinese Frontier of India\u201d, by Archibald Rose, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u201cConfidential Memorandum on Frontier Affairs\u201d, by Archibald Rose, 3rd October 1911, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u201cMap of a Portion of South-Eastern Tibet by Capt. F.M. Bailey in 1911\u201d, Mss Eur F157\/398\uff0cthe National Archives of UK.[52] \u201cReport on the Chinese Frontier of India\u201d, by Archibald Rose, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u201cConfidential Memorandum on Frontier Affairs\u201d, by Archibald Rose, 3rd October 1911, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u201cMap of a Portion of South-Eastern Tibet by Capt. F.M. Bailey in 1911\u201d\uff0cMss Eur F157\/398\uff0cthe National Archives of UK.[53] Proclamation Establishing the North-West Frontier Province, cited from Leslie Harris, British Policy on the North-West Frontier of India (1889-1901), thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1960, pp. 425-426.[54] \u5b5f\u5e86\u9f99\uff1a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u89c6\u9608\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2023\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c4\u9875\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u5415\u53ec\u4e49\uff1a\u300a\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u8fb9\u7586\uff1a1774-1947\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1996\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c7\u7ae0\u3002[55] \u201cReport on the Chinese Frontier of India\u201d, by Archibald Rose, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital.[56] \u5415\u53ec\u4e49\u3001\u5b59\u5efa\u6ce2\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5370\u5df4\u9886\u571f\u7ea0\u7eb7\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2013\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c42\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[57] \u5b5f\u5e86\u9f99\uff1a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u89c6\u9608\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2023\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c4-5\u9875\u3002[58] \u738b\u94c1\u5d16\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u65e7\u7ea6\u7ae0\u6c47\u7f16\u300b\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u00b7\u8bfb\u4e66\u00b7\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c1959\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c345-346\u9875\uff1b\u5b5f\u5e86\u9f99\uff1a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u89c6\u9608\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2023\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c5\u9875\uff1b<\/p>\n

Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital.[59] THE ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION. (Hansard, 17 February 1908) (parliament.uk)\uff0chttps:\/\/api.parliament.uk\/historic-hansard\/commons\/1908\/feb\/17\/the-anglo-russian-convention<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f42023\u5e744\u670810\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[60]\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u00b7\u5170\u59c6\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u6d89\u85cf\u5173\u7cfb\u53f21914-1950\uff1a\u4ee5\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u53f2\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b\uff0c\u6881\u4fca\u8273\u8bd1\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2017\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c17\u9875\u3002[61]\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u00b7\u5170\u59c6\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u6d89\u85cf\u5173\u7cfb\u53f21904-1914\uff1a\u4ee5\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b\uff0c\u6881\u4fca\u8273\u8bd1\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2017\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c149-156\u9875\u3002[62] Francis Younghusband\uff0cIndia and Tibet\uff0cLondon: John Murray, Albemarle Street, W.,1910.[63]\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u00b7\u5170\u59c6\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u6d89\u85cf\u5173\u7cfb\u53f21904-1914\uff1a\u4ee5\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b\uff0c\u6881\u4fca\u8273\u8bd1\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2017\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c242-356\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[64]\u5b5f\u5e86\u9f99\uff1a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u89c6\u9608\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2023\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c11-12\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[65] Alastair Lamb, The Mcmahon Line: A Study in the Relations Between India China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 1-2, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966.[66] \u53c2\u89c1\uff1aAlastair Lamb, The China-India Border: The origins Of the Disputed Boundaries\uff0cLondon: Oxford University Press, 1964\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\u6863\u6848Mr. Lamb\u2019s Book on the Sino-Indian Border Question: Tal<\/p>\n

k with Mr. Kenneth Younger, from So. S. Cabinet to CRO, Minutes, Confidential, Jan.16-22, 1964, FO371\/175929, Adam Matthew Digital.[67] \u6768\u516c\u7d20\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53cd\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u4fb5\u7565\u5e72\u6d89\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u6597\u4e89\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c179\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[68] 1911\u5e74\u963f\u5947\u4f2f\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u5173\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u9644\u56fe\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e05\u695a\u663e\u793a\u897f\u85cf\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c2\u89c1\u201cReport on the Chinese Frontier of India\u201d, by Archibald Rose, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital.[69] \u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u00b7\u5170\u59c6\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u6d89\u85cf\u5173\u7cfb\u53f21904-1914\uff1a\u4ee5\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b\uff0c\u6881\u4fca\u8273\u8bd1\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2017\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c376-386\u9875\uff1b<\/p>\n

Alastair Lamb, The Mcmahon Line: A Study in the Relations Between India China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 2, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966\uff0cpp. 544-553;Simla Accord Treaty 1914 Map 2, https:\/\/picryl.com\/media\/simla-accord-treaty-1914-map2-1e17e0?<\/a><\/p>\n

zoom=true\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e744\u670810\u65e5\u3002[70] \u201cReport on the Chinese Frontier of India\u201d, by Archibald Rose, Papers and Documents for Government of Pakistan, Relating to the Delimitation of the International Boundary Between Sinkiang and Kashmir, FO 371\/ 84262, Adam Mathew Digital.[71] \u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u00b7\u5170\u59c6\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u6d89\u85cf\u5173\u7cfb\u53f21904-1914\uff1a\u4ee5\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c384\u9875\uff1b<\/p>\n

Neville Maxwell, India\u2019s China War, London: Jonathan Cape, 1970\uff0cpp. 47-49.[72] \u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u00b7\u5170\u59c6\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u6d89\u85cf\u5173\u7cfb\u53f21904-1914\uff1a\u4ee5\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c385\u9875\u3002[73] \u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u00b7\u5170\u59c6\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u6d89\u85cf\u5173\u7cfb\u53f21904-1914\uff1a\u4ee5\u201c\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6d2a\u7ebf\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c395\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[74] \u201cBritish India Political Divisions, Indian states 1931 old vintage map chart\u201d, provenance: "The Imperial Gazetteer of India", new (revised) edition, published under the authority of The Government of India, Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, https:\/\/www.alamy.com\/british-india-political-divisions-indian-states-1931-old-vintage-map-chart-image244896868.html?<\/a><\/p>\n

imageid=68F5EC30-4B4B-4DF7-A8A7-AE77675781BD&p=283958&pn=1&searchId=d76a5c041f87c7ff926fc31fbe88344f&searchtype=0, \u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e744\u670828\u65e5\u3002[75] K. \u53e4\u666e\u5854\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u79d8\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u738b\u5b8f\u4f1f\uff0c\u738b\u81f3\u4ead\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1990\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c87\u81f388\u9875\uff1b[76] \u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u00b7\u5170\u59c6\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u6d89\u85cf\u5173\u7cfb\u53f21914-1950\uff1a\u4ee5\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u53f2\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c444\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[77] \u201cIndia Act 1935\u201d, https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1935\/2\/pdfs\/ukpga_19350002_en.pdf,<\/a> \u8bbf\u95ee\u65e5\u671f\uff1a2023\u5e744\u670826\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[78] \u201cMap of Highland of Tibet and Surrounding Regions\u201d, Reg. No. 283 D. D. D. 36, (D. O. 2-) 500. 1st Edition 1936, published under the direction of Brigadier H. J. Couchman. D. S.O., M. C., Surveyor General of India, heliozincographed at the Survey of India Office, Dehra Dun, the Map Record & Issue Office, 13 Wood Street, Calcutta.[79] \u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u00b7\u5170\u59c6\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u6d89\u85cf\u5173\u7cfb\u53f21914-1950\uff1a\u4ee5\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u53f2\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c462-464\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[80] K. \u53e4\u666e\u5854:\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u79d8\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c87\u81f388\u9875\uff1b<\/p>\n

[81] \u201cChinese Interests in the States of North – Eastern India\u201d, Chinese Interests in the States of North East India, FO 371\/ 84263, Adam Mathew Digital.[82] \u201cIndia-A Political, Religious Jig-Saw 1947\u201d, FO 371\/63551, the National Archive of UK.[83] \u201cIndia Independence Act, 1947\u201d, https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1947\/30\/pdfs\/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf,<\/a> \u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f42023\u5e744\u670810\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[84] \u201cIndian Policy\u201d, presented by the Prime Minister to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, June 1947, top secret, PREM 8\/541\/10, the National Archives of U.K[85] \u201cDraft Constitution of India\u201d, May 1948, Central Archaeological Library, Accession No. 7589, Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India;<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Draft Constitution of India\u201d, Constituent Assembly of India, New Delhi, the 26th February, 1948, https:\/\/advocatetanmoy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/draft-constitution-of-india-1948.pdf,<\/a> \u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e744\u670812\u65e5;<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Constitution of India, 1950\u201d, Dehra Dun: Photolithographed at the Survey of India Offices, 195-, Accession No. 57026883, Library of Congress, USA.[86] Chinese Interests in the states of North East India, FO 371\/ 84261, Adam Mathew Digital.[87] \u201cWhite Paper On Indian States 1950\u201d\uff0c https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/in.ernet.dli.2015.207474<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e744\u670823\u65e5\uff1b<\/p>\n

https:\/\/advocatetanmoy.com\/2021\/06\/24\/foreword-white-paper-on-indian-states-1950\/<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2023\u5e744\u670823\u65e5\u3002[88] \u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4e1c\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u533a\u201d\u4f55\u65f6\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u6863\u6848\u53ca\u5730\u56fe\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u6863\u6848\u53ca\u5730\u56fe\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u85cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u57281947\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u4e00\u76f4\u6807\u6ce8\u4e3a\u8fb9\u5883\u90e8\u843d\u533a\uff08frontier tracts or tribal areas\uff09\uff0c1947\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u64a4\u9000\u65b9\u6848\u5236\u5b9a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53c2\u8003\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u5730\u56fe\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u5747\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u5217\u4e3a\u90e8\u843d\u533a\uff08tribal areas\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5170\u59c6\u4e66\u4e2d\u5c31\u6b64\u5f15\u7528\u5370\u65b9\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8bf4\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1943\u5e74\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4e0e\u53f2\u5b9e\u4e0d\u7b26\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u00b7\u5170\u59c6\u524d\u5f15\u4e66\u7b2c490\u9875\u3002[89] \u201cMap of India\u201d, published under the direction of Brigadier I. H. R. Witson, FRICS, MIS, Surveyor of General of India, 1954, the Survey of India Office (H.L.O.), Dehra Dun.\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb\uff1a\u59da\u8fdc\u6885\uff0c\u534e\u4e1c\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u7cfb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u6587\u732e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u8f7d\u81ea\u201c\u9065\u770b\u5357\u4e9a\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f72023\u5e7411\u67088\u65e5\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u539f\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e1c\u6bb5\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u300b\uff0c\u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c2023\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c15-25\u9875\u3002\u672c\u671f\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u8d3e\u4e3d\u8c6a \u7ae0\u94b0\u73cf\u672c\u671f\u5ba1\u6838\uff1a\u8303\u5bb6\u83c0 \u9648\u73cf\u53ef<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5370\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u4e1c\u6bb5\uff0c\u8bf8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u6574\u4f53\u6269\u5f20\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u6bd4\u8f83\u8584\u5f31\u3002\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u91cf\u82f1\u5370\u6863\u6848\u53ca\u5730\u56fe\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u5176\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u9a71\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u8695\u98df\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u4e3b\u6743\u5229\u76ca\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u591a\u6e20\u9053\u63a8\u8fdb\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u6269\u5f20\u6218\u7565<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[17],"class_list":["post-5091","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-16","tag-17"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5091","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5091"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5091\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5091"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5091"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5091"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}