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\u6240\u4ee5\u672c\u6587\u9009\u62e9\u5370\u5ea6NCERT\u7248\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u5f25\u8865\u5f53\u524d\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u3002\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5370\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e662020\u5e747\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u5f00\u53d1\u90e8\uff08Ministry of Human Resource Development\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0MHRD\uff09\u53d1\u5e03\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b562020\u300b\uff08National Education Policy 2020\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u201c10\uff0b2\u201d\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5c06\u65b0\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6559\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a\u201c5+3+3+4\u201d\u7ea7\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u7840\u9636\u6bb5\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u4e3a\u4e09\u5e74\u5b66\u524d\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\u6bb5\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5b661-2\u5e74\u7ea7\uff09\u3001\u9884\u5907\u9636\u6bb5\uff08\u5c0f\u5b663-5\u5e74\u7ea7\uff09\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u9636\u6bb5\uff08\u5c0f\u5b666-8\u5e74\u7ea7\uff09\u548c\u4e2d\u5b66\u9636\u6bb5\uff08\u4e2d\u5b669-12\u5e74\u7ea7\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u4e3a\u521d\u4e2d9-10\u5e74\u7ea7\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\u6bb5\u4e3a\u9ad8\u4e2d11-12\u5e74\u7ea7\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u521d\u4e2d\u9636\u6bb5\uff089-10\u5e74\u7ea7\uff09\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u79d1\u5854\u91cc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fc7\u65e9\u5f00\u8bbe\u9009\u4fee\u79d1\u76ee\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u80fd\u638c\u63e1\u901a\u8bc6\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u5fd7\u5411\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u5168\u9762\u4e86\u89e3\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u79d1\u5728\u521d\u4e2d\u9636\u6bb5\u5747\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5305\u542b\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0bSocial Science\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0d\u5355\u72ec\u5f00\u8bbe\u3002\u9ad8\u4e2d\u9636\u6bb5\uff0811-12\u5e74\u7ea7\uff09\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u5206\u652f\u9009\u4fee\u4ee5\u5339\u914d\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4e0e\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4f17\u591a\u9009\u4fee\u79d1\u76ee\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4f9b\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e3a\u6709\u5fd7\u4e8e\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5c0f\u5b66\u548c\u521d\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5386\u53f2\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5df2\u57fa\u672c\u4e86\u89e3\u5370\u5ea6\u53f2\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u672c\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5206\u6790\u548c\u53d9\u8ff0\u8868\u8fbe\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6545\u5728\u9ad8\u4e2d\u9636\u6bb5\uff0cNCERT\u7248\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4ee5\u4e13\u9898\u53f2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e2d\u751f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e13\u4e1a\u7d20\u517b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e2d\u751f\u572811\u5e74\u7ea7\u5b66\u4e60\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\uff0c12\u5e74\u7ea7\u5b66\u4e60\u5370\u5ea6\u53f2\u3002NCERT\u7248\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u901a\u8fc7\u805a\u7126\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5173\u952e\u6027\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0811\u5e74\u7ea7\uff09\u6216\u4e00\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u6765\u6e90\uff0812\u5e74\u7ea7\uff09\uff0c\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u300211\u5e74\u7ea7\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e3b\u8981\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u4e3b\u9898\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76f8\u5173\u5b66\u4e60\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c12\u5e74\u7ea7\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5219\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u53e4\u4ee3\u53f2\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u53f2\u548c\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u672c\u6587\u9700\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728NCERT\u724811\u5e74\u7ea7\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u6559\u6750\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u9898\u300b\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u8bba\u6587\u5370\u5ea6NCERT\u724811\u5e74\u7ea7\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u9898\u300b\u4ee5\u4e13\u9898\u53f2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u91cd\u8981\u4e3b\u9898\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0b\u8bbe\u65e9\u671f\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u56db\u4e2a\u7ae0\u8282\u548c\u5341\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e3b\u989811\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u91cc\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0b\uff0cNCERT\u7248\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u4e2d\u65e5\u97e9\u4e09\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4e4b\u8def\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u76f8\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u4eba\u7269\u89c1\u88682\u3002\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0cNCERT\u7248\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5728\u4e66\u5199\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u8be6\u4eca\u7565\u53e4\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4e4b\u8def\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8de8\u5ea6\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u4ece\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u5230\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e14\u4fa7\u91cd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6545\u672c\u6587\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u5f62\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001NCERT\u7248\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u5f62\u8c61\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u9636\u7ea7\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u4f1f\u5927\u590d\u5174\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e0e\u52aa\u529b\u3002NCERT\u7248\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u9898\u300b\u5e26\u9886\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u751f\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5386\u7a0b\u5e76\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u63a2\u7d22\u5efa\u8bbe\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u4fb5\u7565\u4e0e\u6297\u4e89\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u7684\u524d\u594f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u7740\u707f\u70c2\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u66fe\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f3a\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u6b65\u5165\u8fd1\u4ee3\u540e\uff0c\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u540c\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u673a\u9047\u3002NCERT\u7248\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5728\u4e3b\u989811\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u300b\u7684\u5bfc\u8a00\u90e8\u5206\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u4e2d\u65e5\u4e24\u56fd\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5929\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u60a0\u4e45\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6e05\u671d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u6743\u529b\u4e0a\u5f88\u7a33\u56fa……\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u65e0\u6cd5\u9762\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u6311\u6218\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u5185\u6218\u7684\u52a8\u8361\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u901a\u8fc7\u541e\u5e76\u53f0\u6e7e\u548c\u671d\u9c9c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u5b83\u57281894\u5e74\u6253\u8d25\u4e86\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u6587\u5316\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u57281905\u5e74\u6253\u8d25\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u5f3a\u56fd\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3002\u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0cNCERT\u7248\u6559\u6750\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u80af\u5b9a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u60a0\u4e45\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6e05\u671d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u6743\u529b\u4e0a\u5f88\u7a33\u56fa\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6559\u6750\u4e5f\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u201d\uff08seem\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u526f\u8bcd\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u4f20\u9012\u4e86\u6e05\u671d\u76db\u4e16\u4e0b\u57cb\u85cf\u7684\u9690\u60a3\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u4e0d\u51fa\u6240\u6599\uff0c\u6e05\u738b\u671d\u5728\u77ed\u77ed\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\u9677\u5165\u65e0\u6cd5\u9762\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u6311\u6218\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u53cd\u89c2\u65e5\u672c\u5efa\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u51fb\u8d25\u4e2d\u4fc4\u4e24\u5927\u56fd\u5e76\u541e\u5e76\u53f0\u6e7e\u3001\u671d\u9c9c\u3002\u5728\u53d9\u8ff0\u7532\u5348\u4e2d\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\uff0c\u6559\u6750\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u53ca\u201c\u65e5\u672c\u6253\u8d25\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u6587\u5316\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e92\u6362\uff0c\u9887\u5177\u8bbd\u523a\u610f\u5473\u3002\u7d27\u63a5\u7740\uff0cNCERT\u7248\u6559\u6750\u9010\u4e00\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u65e5\u519b\u4fb5\u534e\u7b49\u53f2\u5b9e\u6027\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u63cf\u5199\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u88ab\u5916\u56fd\u4fb5\u5360\u7684\u5c48\u8fb1\u53f2\u3002\u6559\u6750\u5728\u4ecb\u7ecd\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u573a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u201d\uff08a war fought on Chinese soil and over Chinese territory\uff09\uff0c\u523b\u753b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9971\u53d7\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6b3a\u51cc\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f62\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7eb5\u89c8\u5168\u4e66\uff0c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u8f83\u591a\u7bc7\u5e45\u63cf\u5199\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u88ab\u8feb\u5377\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba9\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u751f\u611f\u53d7\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u662f\u5728\u5916\u529b\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u4e0b\u8270\u96be\u8d77\u6b65\u7684\u3002\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e00\u6b65\u6b65\u9677\u5165\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u534a\u5c01\u5efa\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6df1\u6e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5728\u8d77\u6b65\u9636\u6bb5\u4e3e\u6b65\u7ef4\u8270\u3002\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4fb5\u7565\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u957f\u671f\u5c01\u95ed\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u683c\u5c40\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4f20\u5165\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad\u4e5f\u5728\u51a5\u51a5\u4e4b\u4e2d\u915d\u917f\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4e4b\u8def\uff0cNCERT\u7248\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u671f\u6d3e\u9063\u7559\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u57f9\u517b\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u88ab\u6d3e\u5f80\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5e26\u56de\u65b0\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u53bb\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4ed6\u867d\u7136\u5b66\u533b\u4f46\u975e\u5e38\u5173\u5fc3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49-\u5373\u63a8\u7ffb\u6ee1\u65cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5916\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff1b\u6c11\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5373\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\uff1b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u5e73\u5747\u5730\u6743\u3001\u8282\u5236\u8d44\u672c\u3002NCERT\u7248\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u8f83\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u751f\u5e73\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u65e9\u5e74\u5b66\u533b\u7ecf\u5386\u53ca\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u79f0\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e3a\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u5145\u5206\u80af\u5b9a\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f46\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u627e\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u51fa\u8def\u3002\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e4b\u540e\u5199\u5230\uff1a\u5171\u548c\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u4ee5\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\u6d3e\u867d\u7136\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4f46\u9769\u547d\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f88\u5feb\u9677\u5165\u519b\u9600\u6df7\u6218\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8bb2\u8ff0\u5b8c\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0cNCERT\u7248\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u76ee\u7684\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u5411\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u751f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u9996\u5148\u4ea4\u4ee3\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u4fc4\u56fd\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u4ee5\u53ca\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f20\u5165\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u91cd\u70b9\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6210\u7acb\u540e\u5f00\u521b\u7684\u65b0\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8d70\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u5176\u9769\u547d\u7eb2\u9886\u4ee5\u519c\u6c11\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6ce8\u5165\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u6218\u80dc\u4e86\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u3002\u5728\u6c5f\u897f\u7684\u5c71\u533a\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u9769\u547d\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4ece1928\u5e74\u52301934\u5e74\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u624e\u8425\u4ee5\u8eb2\u907f\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6ca1\u6536\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5de5\u519c\u8054\u76df\u7684\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5f00\u8f9f\u7684\u9769\u547d\u65b0\u9053\u8def\u7ed9\u4e88\u6b63\u9762\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6559\u6750\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6761\u9769\u547d\u65b0\u9053\u8def\u7684\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u9769\u547d\u7eb2\u9886\u4ee5\u519c\u6c11\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5728\u519c\u6751\u5f00\u5c55\u571f\u5730\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5de5\u519c\u8054\u76df\u7684\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6559\u6750\u8fd8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u957f\u5f81\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5e26\u9886\u4eba\u6c11\u6b66\u88c5\u53cd\u6297\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u53f2\uff0c\u5e76\u7a81\u51fa\u8fd9\u6761\u9769\u547d\u65b0\u9053\u8def\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u72ec\u7acb\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u519b\u961f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u8d70\u8fc76000\u82f1\u91cc\u8270\u96be\u7684\u8def\u7a0b\u5230\u8fbe\u9655\u897f\uff0c\u5728\u6839\u636e\u5730\u5ef6\u5b89\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e30\u5bcc\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u7ed3\u675f\u519b\u9600\u5272\u636e\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u867d\u5728\u6297\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u77ed\u6682\u5730\u4e0e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u8fdb\u884c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d70\u5411\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0e\u6539\u9769\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u7684\u5b9e\u8df51949\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u63a2\u7d22\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u9053\u8def\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5370\u5ea6NCERT\u7248\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5728\u5efa\u8bbe\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u5f00\u7bc7\uff0c\u6559\u6750\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5173\u952e\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u79c1\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u571f\u5730\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u9010\u6e10\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n

1953\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u542f\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u9020\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6539\u9020\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u91cd\u70b9\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a1958\u5e74\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u4fc3\u8fdb\u56fd\u5bb6\u5feb\u901f\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5b83\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u81ea\u5bb6\u540e\u9662\u5efa\u70bc\u94a2\u7089\u3002\u5728\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\uff08\u571f\u5730\u7531\u96c6\u4f53\u8015\u4f5c\u3001\u6240\u6709\uff09\u3002\u52301958\u5e74\uff0c\u670926000\u4e2a\u516c\u793e\uff0c\u8986\u76d698\uff05\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u4eba\u53e3……\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u4fee\u6b63\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\u7684\u516c\u793e\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u9662\u7194\u7089\u91cc\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u94a2\u94c1\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u4e8e\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u5c06\u6211\u56fd\u5efa\u6210\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5f3a\u56fd\u7684\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u52aa\u529b\u548c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n

NCERT\u7248\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u70ed\u6f6e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5168\u6c11\u5927\u70bc\u94a2\u94c1\u7684\u76db\u51b5\u4e0e\u519c\u6751\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u516c\u6709\u5316\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\u3002\u6559\u6750\u8fd8\u4f7f\u7528\u201c26000\u201d\u201c98\u201d\u7b49\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u663e\u773c\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7a81\u51fa\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\u6570\u91cf\u4e4b\u591a\u4e0e\u8986\u76d6\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5e7f\u3002\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6559\u6750\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\u516c\u793e\u5236\u5ea6\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u975e\u5e38\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u572860\u5e74\u4ee3\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u8868\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6NCERT\u7248\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u90e8\u5206\u4f7f\u7528\u8f83\u591a\u7b14\u58a8\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u63a2\u7d22\u5efa\u8bbe\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9053\u8def\u7684\u5931\u8bef\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u201d\u7b49\u590d\u6742\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u63a2\u7d22\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u7684\u632b\u6298\u90e8\u5206\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u6f6e\u6d41\u5f00\u59cb\u9006\u8f6c\u3002<\/p>\n

1975\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u518d\u6b21\u5f3a\u8c03\u52a0\u5f3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7eaa\u5f8b\u548c\u5efa\u8bbe\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u515a\u7684\u5341\u4e00\u5c4a\u4e09\u4e2d\u5168\u4f1a\u540e\uff0c\u515a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5fc3\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e0a\u6765\uff0c\u5357\u6d77\u8001\u4eba\u4ee5\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u603b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8bfe\u672c\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4fdd\u6301\u515a\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u7edf\u4e00\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u63a8\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u30021978\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5927\u4f1a\u5f00\u5e55\u5f0f\u4e0a\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u5b9e\u73b0\u56db\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u80a9\u8d1f\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u5386\u53f2\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u5357\u6d77\u8001\u4eba\u5728\u4fdd\u6301\u515a\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u7edf\u4e00\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u5f15\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u30021978\u5e74\uff0c\u515a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u56db\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff08\u5de5\u4e1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u56fd\u9632\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff09\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u8d28\u7591\u515a\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u5141\u8bb8\u771f\u7406\u5927\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6559\u6750\u5728\u8bb2\u8ff0\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u63d2\u56fe\uff0c\u5411\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u751f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\u4eba\u4eec\u8d2d\u7269\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u7537\u5973\u6b63\u5728\u5c06\u65b0\u4e70\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u673a\u8fd0\u56de\u5bb6\uff0c\u8138\u4e0a\u6d0b\u6ea2\u7740\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u7b11\u5bb9\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u5b9e\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u540e\u4eba\u4eec\u544a\u522b\u7968\u8bc1\u81ea\u7531\u8d2d\u4e70\u6d88\u8d39\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u56fe\u666f\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\u4eba\u4eec\u81ea\u7531\u8d2d\u4e70\u6d88\u8d39\u54c1 \u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u8bba\u6587\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0cNCERT\u7248\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u975e\u5e38\u5173\u6ce8\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u63a2\u7d22\u5efa\u8bbe\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f46\u53ef\u60dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u6b62\u6b65\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u672a\u6d89\u53ca\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5c06\u4fa7\u91cd\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u9053\u8def\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u4e0a\uff1a\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e4b\u8def\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e89\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u652f\u6301\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u548c\u878d\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u6279\u8bc4\u4eba\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u3001\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u7537\u5973\u4e4b\u95f4\u65e5\u76ca\u52a0\u5267\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6b63\u5728\u5236\u9020\u793e\u4f1a\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e02\u573a\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591……\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0cNCERT\u7248\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u4e4b\u8def\u5448\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u6559\u6750\u65e2\u80af\u5b9a\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u6301\u8d5e\u8d4f\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6559\u6750\u53c8\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u884d\u751f\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u52a0\u5267\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\uff0c\u4e0d\u7981\u8ba9\u4eba\u63e3\u6d4b\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6df1\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6NCERT\u7248\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u7279\u5f81\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6NCERT\u7248\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u521d\u6b65\u770b\u51fa\u5370\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5851\u9020\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u63a2\u7d22\u5efa\u8bbe\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u800c\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u603b\u7ed3\u51faNCERT\u7248\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u53d9\u4e8b\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5bf9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u53cd\u5e1d\u53cd\u5c01\u5efa\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u5386\u7a0b\u523b\u753b\u8f83\u591a\u4e14\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u6551\u56fd\u4e4b\u8def\u7ed9\u4e88\u8f83\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\u3001\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u7eb5\u89c8\u5168\u4e66\uff0c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u975e\u5e38\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u4e0e\u53cd\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u4e24\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u7532\u5348\u4e2d\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u7ef4\u65b0\u53d8\u6cd5\u3001\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u7b49\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6545NCERT\u7248\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5bf9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u53cd\u5e1d\u53cd\u5c01\u5efa\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u5386\u7a0b\u523b\u753b\u8f83\u591a\u4e14\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u6551\u56fd\u4e4b\u8def\u7ed9\u4e88\u8f83\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\u3001\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5728\u4e66\u5199\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u65f6\u4fa7\u91cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7f57\u8363\u6e20\u6559\u6388\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u4e49\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u201d\u6307\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u4ece\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u6765\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u6025\u5267\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u9769\u4ee5\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u4e3a\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5411\u73b0\u4ee3\u5de5\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7eb5\u89c8\u5168\u4e66\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5728\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u65f6\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u8fd8\u662f\u66f4\u4fa7\u91cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

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