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\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/strong>\u738b\u6676 \u987e\u9752\u5b50
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\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba\u300b\u667a\u5e93\uff08Economist Intelligence Unit\uff09\u8c03\u67e5\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb5\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u201c\u5168\u7403\u6c11\u4e3b\u6392\u540d\u201d\u5df2\u4ece\u7b2c27\u4f4d\u964d\u81f3\u7b2c53\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0b\u964d\u4e8626\u4f4d\u30022021\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\uff08Freedom House\uff09\u667a\u5e93\u5c06\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u4e3b\u8bc4\u7ea7\u4ece\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a\u201c\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u4e0e\u5384\u74dc\u591a\u5c14\u3001\u83ab\u6851\u6bd4\u514b\u3001\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\u7b49\u56fd\u540c\u7ea7\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u745e\u5178\u6c11\u4e3b\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff08Varieties of Democracy\uff09\u7ec4\u7ec72021\u5e743\u6708\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u72ec\u88c1\u9009\u4e3e\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ec5\u6bd4\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u88c1\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u7565\u9ad8\u4e00\u7ea7\uff0c\u800c\u6bd4\u7f8e\u3001\u65e5\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u4f4e\u4e24\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u66fe\u5728\u5a92\u4f53\u4e0a\u5938\u8000\uff0c\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u6709\u4e00\u652f120\u591a\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u5927\u519b\u201d\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4f20\u626c\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u7684\u653b\u52bf\u8206\u8bba\u3002\u4e0e\u571f\u8033\u5176\u57c3\u5c14\u591a\u5b89\uff08Recep Tayyip Erdogan\uff09\u548c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\uff08Viktor Orban\uff09\u76f8\u4eff\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u5df2\u7ecf\u67b6\u7a7a\u53ef\u80fd\u5236\u7ea6\u5176\u6743\u529b\u7684\u673a\u6784\u3002\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u66fe\u5927\u8086\u5229\u7528\u8054\u90a6\u6267\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5982\u56fd\u5bb6\u8c03\u67e5\u5c40\uff08NIA\uff09\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u8c03\u67e5\u5c40(CBI)\u9a9a\u6270\u653f\u654c\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u8f6c\u610f\u52a0\u5165\u5370\u4eba\u515a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6cd5\u52a1\u9ebb\u70e6\u5c31\u4f1a\u5947\u8ff9\u822c\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u66fe\u4ee5\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u4e3a\u50b2\u7684\u5370\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u201c\u6a61\u76ae\u56fe\u7ae0\u201d\u6216\u7528\u4ee5\u56de\u907f\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c2019\u5e74\u5ffd\u7136\u5ba3\u5e03\u53d6\u6d88\u4ee5\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u67e5\u8c1f\u548c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u5730\u533a\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u6ee5\u7528\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u804c\u6743\u7684\u5acc\u7591\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u751a\u81f3\u62d2\u7edd\u6267\u884c\u4eba\u8eab\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u8eab\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ee4\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u6240\u9075\u5faa\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5370\u5ea6\u5a92\u4f53\u754c\u66fe\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u6700\u6d3b\u8dc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u4ecd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4e25\u52a0\u7ba1\u63a7\u5370\u5ea6\u5a92\u4f53\u3002\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u591a\u7ba1\u9f50\u4e0b\u6050\u5413\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\uff0c\u624b\u6bb5\u5305\u62ec\u7a0e\u52a1\u7a81\u51fb\u68c0\u67e5\u3001\u6682\u65f6\u5c01\u7981\u7535\u89c6\u9891\u9053\u3001\u4ee5\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u65bd\u538b\u5a92\u4f53\u5de8\u5934\u89e3\u96c7\u987d\u56fa\u8bb0\u8005\u7b49\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u4ee5\u5de8\u989d\u5e7f\u544a\u9884\u7b97\u8bf1\u60d1\u5a92\u4f53\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u653f\u6cbb\u62a5\u9053\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eb2\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u5ba3\u4f20\u9891\u9053\u4e5f\u5168\u5929\u5019\u653b\u51fb\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u9ad8\u5c42\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u83ab\u8fea\u5927\u5531\u8d5e\u6b4c\u3002<\/p>\n

2016\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u201c\u8bb0\u8005\u65e0\u56fd\u754c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\uff08Reporters Without Borders\uff09\u7684\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u6307\u6570\u201d\uff08World Press Freedom Index\uff09\u6392\u540d\u4e2d\u4e0b\u8dcc9\u4f4d\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5728180\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6392\u540d142\u4f4d\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6c11\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5a92\u4f53\u6240\u5904\u73af\u5883\u5982\u4f55\u6076\u52a3\uff0c\u5728\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u4e3b\u65f6\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u672c\u8eab\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ea\u5149\u70b9\uff1a\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u89c4\u6a21\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u7968\u9009\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9009\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\uff0c\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u5168\u7a0b\u8fd8\u5f97\u5230\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u73b0\u5df2\u5c48\u670d\u4e8e\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u4ecd\u662f\u591a\u515a\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u7f3a\u4e4f\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b9e\u8d28\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u5f80\u5f80\u901a\u8fc7\u4efb\u547d\u62e5\u8db8\u8fdb\u5165\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u6216\u6253\u538b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5185\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u5de6\u53f3\u9009\u4e3e\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u4e5f\u6bd4\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u62e5\u6709\u66f4\u96c4\u539a\u7684\u7ade\u9009\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u65b0\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u7ade\u9009\u878d\u8d44\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u9009\u4e3e\u503a\u5238\uff08electoral bonds\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4f7f\u6350\u8d60\u8005\u80fd\u5c06\u6350\u8d60\u8d44\u91d1\u76f4\u63a5\u6253\u5165\u653f\u515a\u8d26\u6237\u3002\u4e0e\u73b0\u91d1\u6350\u8d60\u7b49\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7ade\u9009\u878d\u8d44\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u503a\u5238\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u88ab\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u76d1\u7ba1\u7684\u56fd\u6709\u94f6\u884c\u6240\u638c\u63e1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5927\u91d1\u4e3b\u66f4\u6613\u906d\u53d7\u6267\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u62a5\u590d\u3002\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u5370\u5ea62019\u5e74\u5927\u9009\u8017\u8d4486\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc72020\u5e74\u7f8e\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u7ea666\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u82b1\u9500\u3002<\/p>\n

\u800c\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u95f4\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u9769\u534f\u4f1a\uff08Association for Democratic Reforms\uff09\u201d\u62a5\u544a\u79f0\uff0c2017-18\u8d22\u5e74\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u7684\u6536\u5165\u5360\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u653f\u515a\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u603b\u6536\u5165\u7684\u8fd13\/4\uff0c\u603b\u989d\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u56fd\u5927\u515a\u7684\u4e94\u500d\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5df2\u662f\u8d22\u529b\u4e0e\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e89\u6c11\u4e3b\u5012\u9000\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8fd1\u671f\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u83ab\u8fea\u5927\u8086\u5229\u7528\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e4b\u4e89\u5374\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u524d\u3002\u88ab\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u79f0\u4e3a\u5723\u96c4\uff08Mahatma\uff09\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u65d7\u624b\u7518\u5730\uff08Mohandas Gandhi\uff09\u66fe\u9886\u5bfc\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u7518\u5730\u662f\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u5374\u7aed\u529b\u56e2\u7ed3\u4e0d\u540c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u53cd\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u30021909\u5e74\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u81ea\u6cbb\u300b\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u53ea\u80fd\u5bb9\u7eb3\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5370\u5ea6\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u68a6\u4e2d\u3002\u201d\u7518\u5730\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u9996\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\uff08Jawaharlal Nehru\uff09\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u81f4\u7b26\u5408\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u653f\u4f53\uff1a\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u6c11\u4eab\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u8ba4\u6240\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u5728\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u5730\u4f4d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u6ca1\u6709\u63a8\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u5f7b\u5e95\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u4ee3\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u56de\u907f\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7518\u5730\u7684\u201c\u5b97\u6559\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e0e\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u65cf\u7fa4\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u6392\u5916\u6027\u8d28\u4e14\u98ce\u884c\u5168\u7403\u7684\u201c\u672c\u571f\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u3002\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6e90\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\u7f3a\u4e4f\u81ea\u5c0a\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6e90\u4e8e\u957f\u671f\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d19\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5851\u9020\u7684\u201c\u5f31\u5c0f\u201d\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u548c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u6b64\u6d88\u5f7c\u957f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e2d\u5f15\u53d1\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5782\u6b7b\u65cf\u7fa4\u201d\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7ef4\u7eb3\u4e9a\u514b\u00b7\u8428\u74e6\u5c14\u5361\uff08Vinayak Savarkar\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u5217\u4e3e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u6240\u5177\u5907\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\uff1a\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u9886\u571f\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3002\u5bf9\u8428\u74e6\u5c14\u5361\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c06\u5370\u5ea6\u540c\u65f6\u89c6\u4e3a\u7956\u56fd\u548c\u5723\u5730\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u6210\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7231\u56fd\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u9488\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5723\u5730\u90fd\u5728\u5357\u4e9a\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u8428\u74e6\u5c14\u5361\u7b49\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u7518\u5730\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u201c\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u201d\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u8f6f\u5f31\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5efa\u56fd\u56db\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u59cb\u7ec8\u5904\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8c31\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u4e00\u4e3e\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u66fe\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5317\u90e8\u57ce\u9547\u963f\u7ea6\u8fea\u4e9a\uff08Ayodhya\uff09\u53d1\u8d77\u4e00\u573a\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5927\u795e\u7f57\u6469\uff08Ram\uff09\u91cd\u5efa\u795e\u5e99\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u7f57\u6469\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u88ab\u4e00\u5ea7\u5efa\u4e8e16\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u5360\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u662f\u5f53\u5e74\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4fb5\u7565\u8005\u5f3a\u5360\u5efa\u5bfa\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u7fa4\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u66b4\u5f92\u5c06\u8fd9\u5ea7\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u5937\u4e3a\u5e73\u5730\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u591a\u5730\u6fc0\u5316\u4e86\u5370\u7a46\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u63d0\u632f\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u7684\u80dc\u9009\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u53e3\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u5370\u5730\u8bed\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u5e26\u72b9\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8bb8\u591a\u4e13\u5bb6\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u7684\u6267\u653f\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u6d41\u76f8\u53bb\u751a\u8fdc\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u96be\u4ee5\u638c\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

1998\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u7ec4\u5efa\u7531\u74e6\u6770\u5e15\u4f0a\uff08Atal Bihari Vajpayee\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5728\u74e6\u6770\u5e15\u4f0a\u6267\u653f\u7684\u516d\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u6682\u7f13\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u5177\u6709\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u6807\u5fd7\u7684\u6587\u5316\u653b\u52bf\uff0c\u5982\u590d\u5efa\u7f57\u6469\u5e99\u3001\u53d6\u6d88\u5370\u5ea6\u552f\u4e00\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5360\u4eba\u53e3\u591a\u6570\u7684\u67e5\u8c1f\u548c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u533a\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u3001\u5f62\u6210\u7edf\u4e00\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u6cd5 (Sharia)\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u793e\u7fa4\u5a5a\u59fb\u3001\u79bb\u5f02\u3001\u7ee7\u627f\u7b49\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7b49\u3002\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u5c061998\u5e74\u52302014\u5e74\u4ece\u74e6\u6770\u5e15\u4f0a\u5f53\u9009\u5230\u83ab\u8fea\u6267\u653f\u7684\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u88ab\u8feb\u6e29\u548c\u201d\u671f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u88ab\u8feb\u4e0e20\u591a\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u6027\u548c\u4ee5\u79cd\u59d3\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7ed3\u6210\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u800c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u9009\u6c11\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7968\u4ed3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001\u83ab\u8fea\u72c2\u70ed 2014\u5e74\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea<\/h2>\n

\u5728\u5927\u9009\u4e2d\u51fb\u8d25\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5de6\u7ffc\u7684\u56fd\u5927\u515a\uff0c\u5e76\u9886\u5bfc\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u53d6\u5f97\u5370\u5ea630\u5e74\u6765\u9996\u6b21\u4e00\u515a\u5355\u72ec\u6267\u653f\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u98a0\u8986\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u653f\u6cbb\u667a\u6167\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u83ab\u8fea\u9886\u8854\u7684\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u5c55\u793a\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u6df1\u8015\u5360\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u53e3\u591a\u6570\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u8db3\u989d\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u4ee5\u62b5\u6d88\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e2d\u4f4e\u4e0b\u7684\u652f\u6301\u7387\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u5176\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\u7ed3\u76df\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u6cbb\u80fd\u5c06\u201c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u653f\u515a\u201d\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u201c\u66f4\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u52a8\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u5176\u5b9e\u96be\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u4f46\u57282002\u5e74\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u90a6\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5f92\u4e0e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6d41\u8840\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f41000\u591a\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5360\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6210\u4e3a\u83ab\u8fea\u5728\u5168\u5370\u653f\u575b\u767b\u573a\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n

\u83ab\u8fea\u5728\u653f\u575b\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u7684\u79d8\u8bc0\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u56fd\u6c11\u5fd7\u613f\u670d\u52a1\u56e2\u548c\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6269\u5927\u8be5\u515a\u57fa\u672c\u76d8\u81f3\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u5c42\u79cd\u59d3\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u83ab\u8fea\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u79cd\u59d3\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u7b49\u7ea7\u201d\uff08Other Backward Classes\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u590d\u6742\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u5206\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6570\u5360\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u957f\u671f\u5904\u4e8e\u88ab\u6b67\u89c6\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u79cd\u59d3\u7c7b\u522b\u3002\u83ab\u8fea\u7684\u8d2b\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u2014\u2014\u66fe\u5728\u5bb6\u4e61\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u90a6\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9\u552e\u5356\u8336\u996e\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u66fe\u7ecf\u4e3b\u5bb0\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u575b\u7684\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81-\u7518\u5730\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u663e\u8d6b\u80cc\u666f\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u63f4\u5f15\u4e13\u7814\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u5965\u65af\u8482\u53e4\uff08Pierre Ostiguy\uff09\u6240\u8ff0\uff1a\u4e00\u7fa4\u5904\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5f31\u52bf\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u83ab\u8fea\u201c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4f3c……\u4f46\u53c8\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u201d\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6e34\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u548c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u8d6b\u7684\u5bb6\u5883\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6d41\u5229\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u73b0\u5728\u5374\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u9886\u8896\u4eec\u4f83\u4f83\u800c\u8c08\uff0c\u5e76\u7edf\u6cbb\u7740\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4ed6\u9ad8\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u83ab\u8fea\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5fc3\u91cc\u8bdd\u201d\uff08Heartfelt Thoughts\uff09\u7684\u5e7f\u64ad\u8282\u76ee\u4e0e\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u95f4\u4eb2\u5bc6\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u201d\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6c11\u7cb9\u8272\u5f69\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5021\u8bae\uff0c\u5f70\u663e\u5c55\u793a\u5176\u5bf9\u5e95\u5c42\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5173\u5207\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u6e05\u6d01\u5370\u5ea6\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\uff08Swachh Bharat Abhiyan\uff09\u3001\u201c\u603b\u7406\u4eba\u6c11\u8d22\u5bcc\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff08Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana\uff09\u548c\u201c\u603b\u7406\u6e05\u6d01\u71c3\u6c14\u8f93\u9001\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff08Pradhan Mantri Ujwala Yojana\uff09\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5021\u8bae\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u89c4\u6a21\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u5bf9\u6c11\u4f17\u5c0a\u4e25\u5173\u5207\u6709\u52a0\u3002\u201c\u6e05\u6d01\u5370\u5ea6\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u5efa\u9020\u4e866600\u4e07\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\u5395\u6240\uff1b\u201c\u603b\u7406\u4eba\u6c11\u8d22\u5bcc\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u4e3a\u7a77\u4eba\u5f00\u8bbe4.255\u4ebf\u4e2a\u94f6\u884c\u8d26\u6237\uff1b\u201c\u603b\u7406\u6e05\u6d01\u71c3\u6c14\u8f93\u9001\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u5219\u54118300\u4e07\u6237\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ee5\u8865\u8d34\u4ef7\u683c\u63d0\u4f9b\u70f9\u996a\u7528\u7164\u6c14\uff0c\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7caa\u4fbf\u3001\u6728\u67f4\u3001\u6728\u70ad\u7b49\u71c3\u6599\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u4e5f\u503e\u529b\u6253\u9020\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u6240\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u4e16\u4fd7\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4eba\u8bbe\u3002\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u62ab\u4e0a\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u5916\u8863\uff0c\u201c\u83ab\u8fea\u8bd5\u56fe\u590d\u523b\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u5178\u578b\u5f62\u8c61\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5723\u96c4\u7518\u5730\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\u3002\u83ab\u8fea\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u5386\u548c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u70d9\u5370\u5927\u5927\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u53f7\u53ec\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u76842\u4ebf\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u53e3\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u4fd7\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u5b17\u53d8\u4e3a\u65cf\u7fa4\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u52bf\u5fc5\u4ea7\u751f\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u90a6\u5df2\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7231\u60c5\u5723\u6218\u201d\uff08love jihad\uff09\u2014\u2014\u81c6\u60f3\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7537\u5b50\u4ee5\u7231\u60c5\u4e3a\u540d\u529d\u8bf1\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5973\u5b50\u6539\u5b97\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5723\u6218\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u5927\u7684\u90a6\u5317\u65b9\u90a6\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u50e7\u4fa3\u7ea6\u5409\u00b7\u963f\u8fea\u8482\u4e9a\u7eb3\u7279\uff08Yogi Adityanath\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u8be5\u90a6\u9996\u5e2d\u90e8\u957f\u3002\u4ed6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u652f\u53cd\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6c11\u5175\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u8bb8\u591a\u9488\u5bf9\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u6b8b\u9177\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ed6\u66fe\u79f0\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e3a\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u963b\u6b62\u7684\u4e24\u817f\u52a8\u7269\u201d\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u963f\u8fea\u8482\u4e9a\u7eb3\u7279\u8a00\u884c\u6781\u5177\u523a\u6fc0\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u523a\u6fc0\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5a01\u671b\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5176\u5728\u5317\u65b9\u90a6\u8d62\u5f97\u4f17\u591a\u62e5\u8db8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u5982\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u65b9\u90a6\u201c\u963f\u8fea\u8482\u4e9a\u7eb3\u7279\u4e00\u4eba\u5df2\u96c6\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u9886\u8896\u3001\u6c11\u5175\u9996\u9886\u4e3a\u4e00\u8eab\uff01\u201d \u5728\u83ab\u8fea\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e72\u8106\u5e9f\u9664\u67e5\u8c1f\u548c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u533a\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u516c\u6c11\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u5c06\u6765\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u4e09\u4e2a\u90bb\u56fd\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5feb\u901f\u5165\u7c4d\u7684\u4f18\u60e0\u653f\u7b56\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u519b\u961f\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u961f\u4f0d\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u5219\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5267\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\u30021980\u5e74\u81f32019\u5e74\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u6570\u91cf\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\uff0c2019\u5e74\u4eba\u6570\u4e3a26\u540d\uff0c\u4ec5\u5360\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\u8bae\u4f1a\u603b\u5e2d\u4f4d\u76844.6%\uff0c\u4f46\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5360\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u540c\u671f\u4e0a\u5347\u4e86\u8fd13\u4e2a\u767e\u5206\u70b9\uff0c\u8fbe\u523014.4%\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u9ebe\u4e0b303\u540d\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u540d\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6216\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002\u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5f53\u4ee3\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u2018\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u89e6\u8005\u2019\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u516d\u3001\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u79cd\u5b50 \u6770\u4f5b\u6d1b\u7279\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8457\u4f5c\u6709\u529b\u58f0\u8ba8\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u83ab\u8fea\u9886\u8854\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u6267\u653f\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/h2>\n

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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ef\u80fd\u5c8c\u5c8c\u53ef\u5371\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u4e0b\u505a\u51fa\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fdb\u5165\u5012\u8ba1\u65f6\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u8fd8\u4e3a\u65f6\u5c1a\u65e9\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb\uff1a\u8428\u8fbe\u5357\u00b7\u675c\u59c6\uff08Sadanand Dhume)\uff0c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u3001\u300a\u534e\u5c14\u8857\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u5357\u4e9a\u4e13\u680f\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u6e38\u8bb0\u300a\u6211\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u662f\u72c2\u70ed\u5206\u5b50\uff1a\u540c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u300b\uff08My Friend the Fanatic: Travels with a Radical Islamis\uff09\u5df2\u5728\u56db\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u51fa\u7248\u53d1\u884c\u3002\u672c\u6587\u7f16\u8bd1\u81ea"Foreign Affairs"\u6742\u5fd72021\u5e749\u6708\/10\u6708\u520a\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u539f\u6807\u9898\u4e3aHow Democratic Is the World\u2019s Largest Democracy?<\/p>\n

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