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\u4f5c\u8005 | Naresh Chandra Saxena\u8bd1\u8005 | \u9648\u854a\u7f16\u8f91 | \u738b\u7487\u537f\u5ba1\u6838 | \u6c5f\u6021 \u5bfc\u8a00\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u201c\u8003\u516c\u6f6e\u201d\u5f15\u53d1\u5168\u7403\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u6709100\u591a\u4e07\u7684\u8003\u751f\u5728\u4e89\u593a700-900\u4e2a\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u6b63\u5f0f\u5c97\u4f4d\uff0c\u5f55\u53d6\u6bd4\u4f4e\u81f30.07%\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5370\u5ea6\u9752\u5e74\u4e89\u76f8\u53bb\u8003\u516c\uff1f\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u4fbf\u662f\u9ad8\u6602\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u548c\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u884c\u653f\u670d\u52a1\u5c40\uff08IAS\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u96be\u8003\u53d6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u4e00\uff09\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u6df1\u8c19\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u884c\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6e17\u900f\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u96c7\u5458\u7ea6\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u76841.4%\uff0c\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e3%\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4f46\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u6536\u5165\u662f\u4eba\u5747GDP\u76847.2\u500d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u6700\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u53ca\u884c\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5fc5\u5c06\u4e0e\u76d8\u6839\u9519\u8282\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u56e2\u4f53\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7275\u8fde\u3002\u800c\u884c\u653f\u6548\u7387\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458\u7a76\u7adf\u670d\u52a1\u8c01\uff0c\u53c8\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u4ecd\u65e7\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u539f\u6587\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u7eb5\u6a2a\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\u539f\u521b\u7f16\u8bd1\u7cfb\u5217\u201c\u91cd\u70b9\u533a\u57df\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5185\u60c5\u4e0e\u8fdc\u7565\u201d\u4e4b\u5341\u4e00\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u81ea\u6587\u96c6\u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08Political Patronage in Asian Bureaucracies\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u300b\uff08Patronage and Politicisation in the Indian Administrative Service\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u4ec5\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7279\u6b64\u8f6c\u8f7d\u672c\u6587\uff0c\u4f9b\u5404\u4f4d\u8bfb\u8005\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u62e9\u4f18\u5f55\u7528\u4e0e\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ba1\u7406\u5e76\u5b58\u4ece\u673a\u6784\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u5370\u5ea6\u884c\u653f\u670d\u52a1\u5c40\uff08Indian Administrative Service, IAS\uff09\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u79d8\u4e66\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u6765\u81eaIAS\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u901a\u8fc7\u62e9\u4f18\u5f55\u53d6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c97\u4f4d\u80fd\u5438\u5f15\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5165\u804c\u8868\u73b0\u5374\u4e0d\u5c3d\u5982\u4eba\u610f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8c03\u804c\u548c\u59d4\u4efb\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4eba\u4e8b\u7ba1\u7406\u6743\u90fd\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u653f\u5ba2\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u4ee5\u6b64\u5411IAS\u5b98\u5458\u65bd\u538b\uff0c\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2a\u4eba\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e861947\u5e74\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u529b\u5982\u4f55\u5f00\u59cb\u4fb5\u8680\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u884c\u653f\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u884c\u653f\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u5411\u653f\u5ba2\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea2014\u5e74\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d8b\u52bf\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5f3a\u3002\u672c\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u622a\u56fe\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u6587\u5316\u7eb5\u6a2a\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7IAS\u6cbf\u88ad\u81ea\uff08\u82f1\u5c5e\uff09\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u5236\u5ea6\uff08Indian Civil Service, ICS\u3002\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b63\u5f0f\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\uff08Imperial Civil Service\uff09\uff0c\u662f1858-1947\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u9ad8\u7ea7\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6587\u5b98\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65e7\u8d35\u65cf\u7cbe\u82f1\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u6570\u91cf\u6781\u5c11\uff0c\u5374\u638c\u63e1\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u6838\u5fc3\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u524d\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u94a2\u67b6\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8981\u60f3\u8fdb\u5165IAS\uff0c\u8981\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u7b14\u8bd5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53c2\u52a0\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08UPSC\uff09\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u9762\u8bd5\uff0c\u62e9\u4f18\u5f55\u53d6\u3002IAS\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u4eba\u4e89\u76f8\u52a0\u5165\u3002\u52302020\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u961f\u4f0d\u7ea6\u67095200\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u62c5\u4efb\u53bf\u3001\u90a6\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u5e9c\u79d8\u4e66\u5904\u548c\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u7b49\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u90a6\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u65f6\u95f4\u5219\u88ab\u6d3e\u9063\u5230\u4e2d\u592e\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u53bf\u6cbb\u5b89\u5b98\uff08District Magistrate, DM\uff09\u4e00\u804c\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u81ea\u7136\u707e\u5bb3\u65f6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6551\u6d4e\u548c\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u843d\u5b9e\u53d1\u5c55\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u5730\u533a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n

IAS\u5b98\u5458\u4f5c\u4e3a\u804c\u4e1a\u516c\u52a1\u5458\uff0c\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002\u5728\u804c\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u52a0\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u515a\u6216\u53c2\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u653f\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5e72\u9884IAS\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u62db\u8058\u3002\u572860\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u524d\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684IAS\u5b98\u5458\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u660e\u6670\u7684\u664b\u5347\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u804c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u7efc\u4e0a\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7b26\u5408\u97e6\u4f2f\u5f0f\u5b98\u50da\u5236\uff08Weberian bureaucracy\uff09\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8fd9\u70b9\u8ddf\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cIAS\u5b98\u5458\u5374\u672a\u80fd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u679c\u666e\u60e0\u81f3\u4e00\u822c\u6c11\u4f17\u3002\u7a76\u5176\u6839\u672c\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\uff1a\u90a6\u4e00\u7ea7\u653f\u5ba2\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u63a7\u5236\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u961f\u4f0d\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u79c1\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u81ea2014\u5e74\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u6267\u653f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u98ce\u6c14\u9010\u6e10\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u673a\u6784\u8513\u5ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90e8\u957f\u7ea7\u548c\u5c40\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u884c\u653f\u77ed\u89c6\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4e2d\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u91cf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e2\u65e0\u65f6\u95f4\u4e5f\u65e0\u610f\u613f\u53bb\u8c0b\u7bc7\u5e03\u5c40\u3001\u4f18\u5316\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u5f3a\u5316\u76d1\u7763\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u4ea4\u4ed8\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u6216\u8fdb\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u6539\u9769\u3002IAS\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u9009\u62d4\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u7531\u638c\u6743\u8005\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08patronage\uff09\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\uff08politicisation\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u66f4\u5e7f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u5b9e\u65bd\u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5185\u3002\u6784\u5efa\u88d9\u5e26\u5173\u7cfb\u663e\u7136\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u552f\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u653f\u5ba2\u8fd8\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u5176\u4ed6\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5c06\u5f02\u8bae\u8005\u8c03\u79bb\u5173\u952e\u5c97\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u66ff\u6362\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eb2\u4fe1\u3002\u5173\u952e\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4e0e\u8d5e\u52a9\u65b9\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u90e8\u957f\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u5c31\u4f1a\u64cd\u4f5c\u8c03\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea\u83ab\u8fea\u6267\u653f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u9010\u6e10\u96c6\u4e2d\u5316\uff0c\u603b\u7406\u672c\u4eba\u6216\u4ed6\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u987e\u95ee\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u4ecb\u5165\u653f\u6cbb\u4efb\u547d\u3002\u81ea2014\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u5316\u201d\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5185\u9601\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u603b\u7406\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5f97\u4ee5\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u8d43\u5f0f\u7684\u4efb\u547d\u201d\uff08patronage appiontments\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u53c8\u79f0\u730e\u5b98\u5f0f\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d77\u76db\u884c\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u83b7\u80dc\u7684\u653f\u515a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u548c\u4eba\u60c5\u4e16\u6545\uff0c\u4efb\u547d\u65b0\u653f\u6743\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e92\u6362\uff09\u62db\u63fd\u4e86\u4ee5IAS\u5b98\u5458\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u4e14\u9a6f\u987a\u7684\u5e55\u50da\u961f\u4f0d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u7387\u76f8<\/h2>\n

\u5f53\u4f4e\u3002\u5168\u7403\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u7ea6\u5360\u672c\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u76843%\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u4e1a\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u673a\u6784\u4efb\u804c\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u603b\u6570\u7ea6\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u76841.4%\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ec5\u4e3a\u632a\u5a01\u7684\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5df4\u897f\u768415%\uff0c\u4e0d\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6309\u4eba\u5747\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6587\u804c\u96c7\u4f63\u7387\u4e0d\u5230\u4e9a\u6d32\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5230\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u516d\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5438\u7eb3\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4eba\u6570\u4e0d\u8db3\u5916\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u7ba1\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u529e\u4e8b\u5458\u3001\u52e4\u6742\u5de5\u548c\u53f8\u673a\u7b49\u653f\u5e9c\u8f85\u52a9\u4eba\u5458\u8fd8\u9762\u4e34\u5931\u4e1a\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u800c\u6559\u5e08\u3001\u62a4\u58eb\u3001\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c\u8b66\u5bdf\u7b49\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u7ebf\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u5219\u592a\u5c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u96c7\u5458\u4ee5\u5408\u540c\u5de5\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8e\u6b64\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u6536\u5165\u662f\u4eba\u5747GDP\u76847.2\u500d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u6700\u3002\u88681 \u516c\u52a1\u5458\u6536\u5165\u4e0e\u4eba\u5747GDP\u7684\u500d\u6570\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u6587\u5316\u7eb5\u6a2a\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u7ed9\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u52a0\u85aa\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f9d\u636e\u4e1a\u7ee9\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u52b3\u5de5\u9a9a\u4e71\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ba1\u7406\u9009\u4e3e\u7ad9\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u515a\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u627f\u53d7\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u6124\u6012\u3002\u5728\u8d22\u653f\u6536\u5165\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b9a\u671f\u589e\u52a0\u653f\u5e9c\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5404\u5dde\u53ea\u80fd\u4ee5\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u8058\u7528\u5408\u540c\u5de5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u85aa\u6c34\u4e00\u822c\u53ea\u6709\u6b63\u5f0f\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5230\u4e00\u534a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u5728\u57fa\u5c42\u62c5\u4efb\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u536b\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u4eba\u6570\u4e0d\u8be6\uff0c\u4f46\u9884\u8ba1\u5360\u6b63\u5f0f\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u9664\u57fa\u5c42\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7684\u4efb\u547d\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u5404\u90a6\u7684\u90e8\u957f\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u6311\u9009\u4e00\u540d\u79c1\u4eba\u79d8\u4e66\uff0c\u4eba\u5458\u96c7\u4f63\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u7531\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u91d1\u627f\u62c5\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d8\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0e\u90e8\u957f\u9009\u533a\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u9c9c\u5c11\u80fd\u5728\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u4e2d\u62c5\u5f53\u5927\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u62db\u8058\u4e2d\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7684\u9009\u62d4\u90fd<\/h2>\n

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\u800c\u89c4\u5b9a\u541b\u738b\u5ba1\u5224\u5e94\u9762\u5411\u4e1c\u65b9\uff0c\u5176\u52a8\u673a\u5219\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5219\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6cd5\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u7528\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5224\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u795e\u542f\u7ecf\u548c\u5723\u4f20\u7ecf\u4e2d\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u6cd5\u3001\u5229\u3001\u6b32\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u3001\u5229\u3001\u6b32\u4e09\u8005\u517c\u5bb9\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u5408\u6cd5\u5a5a\u59fb\u5219\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6cd5\u3001\u5229\u3001\u6b32\u4e09\u5168\u5176\u7f8e\uff0c\u5219\u503c\u5f97\u8d5e\u7f8e\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u4e09\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5229\u6216\u6b32\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6cd5\u8bba\u5e38\u5e38\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u541b\u738b\u5fc5\u987b\u5584\u5f85\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u670b\u53cb\u91cd\u4e8e\u91d1\u5b50\u548c\u9886\u571f\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u541b\u738b\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5229\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u5fc5\u987b\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\/\u8fbe\u6469\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u79c9\u516c\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u6839\u636e\u5229\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u505a\u51fa\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u3001\u5229\u3001\u6b32\u4e09\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u6cd5\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u540e\u4e24\u8005\u5177\u6709\u4e16\u4fd7\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u6cd5\u8ffd\u6c42\u975e\u529f\u5229\u3001\u8d85\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u529f\u679c\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6cd5\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e43\u51fa\u4e8e\u795e\u610f\uff0c\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4e16\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e16\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u7edd\u5bf9\u670d\u4ece\u3002\u6cd5\u5728\u6548\u529b\u4e0a\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5229\u548c\u6b32\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5b97\u6559\u6cd5\u7684\u7a81\u51fa\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u4e0e\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u826f\u597d\u4e60\u60ef\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6cd5\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u826f\u597d\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e60\u60ef\uff08\u0101c\u0101ra\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e16\u4fd7\u6027\u4e60\u60ef\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6307\u4e60\u60ef\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u6cd5\u6e90\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u65a5\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u8bba\u90fd\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9002\u7528\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u300a\u6469\u5974\u6cd5\u8bba\u300b\u5c31\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u201c\u77e5\u6cd5\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u5e94\u8be5\u8be6\u7ec6\u8c03\u67e5\u5404\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u59d3\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u884c\u4f1a\u6cd5\u548c\u5bb6\u65cf\u6cd5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u786e\u5b9a\u5404\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e16\u4fd7\u6027\u4e60\u60ef\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6cd5\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e60\u60ef\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u8f85\u52a9\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u9002\u7528\u4e60\u60ef\u6cd5\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0e\u8fbe\u6469\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3001\u884c\u4e1a\u3001\u79cd\u59d3\u6216\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u8fbe\u6469\u90a3\u6837\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9636\u5c42\u9010\u6b65\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u5171\u8bc6\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ee5\u516c\u8c0b\u79c1\u7684\u821e\u53f0\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u6e90\u662f\u653f\u5ba2\u53ca\u5176\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6700\u770b\u91cd\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u638c\u6743\u8005\u4e0e\u53d7\u76ca\u65b9\u80fd\u501f\u52a9\u5229\u76ca\u4ea4\u6362\u5f62\u6210\u6069\u5e87\u4f8d\u4ece\u5173\u7cfb\uff08client-patron relationship\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5e87\u62a4\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8bb8\u591a\u90a6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u518d\u5411\u4eba\u6c11\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5411\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\uff08state-level Legislative Assemblies, MLAs\uff09\u4e2d\u4e2a\u522b\u8bae\u5458\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u627f\u5305\u5546\u3001\u9ed1\u5e2e\u3001\u7f6a\u72af\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u5b98\u50da\u548c\u5e55\u540e\u64cd\u76d8\u624b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u83b7\u5229\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u6df7\u4e71\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e87\u62a4\u7684\u5b98\u573a\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u90a6\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u7f6a\u72af\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4e0e\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e27\u5931\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4f7f\u5f97\u95ee\u9898\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u5cfb\u3002\u5b66\u8005Bardhan\u89c2\u5bdf\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5ba2\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u5747\u503c\u6b63\u6301\u7eed\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u672a\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u6350\u8d60\u548c\u4e92\u60e0\u4ea4\u6362\u6570\u989d\u53ef\u89c2\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u8c03\uff0c\u72af\u7f6a\u5206\u5b50\u5f80\u5f80\u80fd\u5feb\u901f\u89e3\u51b3\u5730\u65b9\u7ea0\u7eb7\uff0c\u8d62\u5f97\u6c11\u4f17\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u8dfb\u8eab\u653f\u515a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u8f96\u533a\u88ab\u6d3e\u9a7b\u4e86\u201c\u6e05\u6d41\u201d\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u72af\u7f6a\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u5730\u533a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u5c06\u53d7\u5230\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u653f\u5ba2\u4eec\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u538b\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u9752\u7750\u987a\u4ece\u4e14\u80fd\u5171\u8c0b\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e00\u4e9b\u90a6\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u90e8\u957f\u70ed\u5fc3\u6539\u5584\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u80fd\u591f\u63a8\u52a8\u843d\u5730\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u79ef\u6781\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u5bf9\u8bae\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u548c\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u8054\u5408\u6267\u653f\uff0c\u6216\u6267\u653f\u515a\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53ea\u5360\u636e\u5fae\u5f31\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u6267\u653f\u515a\u5185\u90e8\u5206\u88c2\u4e0d\u548c\u65f6\uff0c\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u90fd\u4f1a\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u90e8\u957f\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5728\u515a\u6d3e\u7684\u6210\u5458\u610f\u89c1\u4e0d\u548c\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u90a6\uff0c\u9996\u5e2d\u90e8\u957f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u53cd\u611f\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u672a\u77e5\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u6ede\u540e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u672c\u548c\u4ee3\u4ef7\u5374\u76f4\u63a5\u53ef\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5404\u90a6\u505a\u6210\u4e8b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5f88\u5f31\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u673a\u6784\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u50f5\u5c40\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u8d5e\u52a9\u7531\u4e2a\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u673a\u6784\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5728\u6743\u529b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u8584\u5f31\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u4efb\u610f\u884c\u4e8b\u548c\u5e55\u540e\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u884c\u4f7f\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u7be1\u6539\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u4f9d\u8d56\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u3001\u63a0\u593a\u56fd\u5e93\u53ca\u8150\u5316\u6cbb\u7406\u3002\u5f53\u7bf1\u7b06\u5f00\u59cb\u8695\u98df\u7530\u5730\u65f6\uff0c\u7a77\u4eba\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u4eab\u53d7\u5230\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u653f\u6539\u9769\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7ee7\u7eed\u8086\u65e0\u5fcc\u60ee\u5730\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u91d1\u94b1\u548c\u6743\u529b\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u5de8\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u671f\u671b\u843d\u7a7a\u548c\u4ea4\u4ed8\u4e0d\u529b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002\u5404\u7ea7\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5173\u6ee5\u7528\u6743\u529b\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7978\u6839\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6bd4\u90a6\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u66f4\u4e13\u4e1a\u3002\u4ece\u5404\u90a6\u62e9\u4f18\u6311\u9009\u7684IAS\u5b98\u5458\u88ab\u6d3e\u9063\u5230\u4e2d\u592e\u4efb\u804c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u671f\u5f85<\/h2>\n

\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u804c\u4f4d\u4e0a\u957f\u671f\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u81ea2014\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6388\u4e88\u4e0e\u603b\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u6216\u613f\u610f\u670d\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e87\u62a4\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6587\u5316\u3002\u5728\u83ab\u8fea 2000-2014 \u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u9996\u5e2d\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u90a6\uff0cIAS\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u8b66\u5458\u7ecf\u5e38\u8d8a\u8fc7\u5e73\u7ea7\u6216\u4e0a\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u725f\u5229\u3002\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7f6e\u4e8e\u529f\u7ee9\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u5eb8\u6587\u5316\u9010\u6b65\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u9a71\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u9636\u5c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u5fc5\u987b\u6784\u7b51\u4e00\u9053\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u9632\u706b\u5899\uff1a\u516c\u5171\u673a\u6784\u4e0d\u5e94\u5728\u591a\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7ad9\u961f\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u8fdd\u80cc\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u653f\u7b56\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u516c\u5171\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u635f\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u300a\u516c\u52a1\u5458\uff08\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\uff08Service Rules\uff09\uff0c\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u4e0e\u5a92\u4f53\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u65f6\u5e94\u4fdd\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u5e76\u9075\u5faa\u533f\u540d\u539f\u5219\u3002\u81ea2014\u5e74\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u6267\u653f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0cIAS\u5b98\u5458\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3001\u597d\u6076\u3001\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5374\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u591a\u3002\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u6267\u653f\u540e\u516c\u5f00\u5ba3\u626c\u5bf9\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u3002\u5bf9\u5370\u4eba\u515a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e0d\u662f\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u5207\u4e8e\u4e0d\u987e\uff0c\u5076\u5c14\u6545\u610f\u635f\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e5f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5229\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u4ee4\u5e7f\u5927\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u5927\u5931\u6240\u671b\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u5370\u5ea6\u8054\u90a6\u8b66\u5bdf\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u516c\u7136\u53d1\u8868\u516c\u5171\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u62c9\u8d3e\u65af\u5766\u90a6\u7684\u4e00\u540dIAS\u5b98\u5458\u4e5f\u591a\u6b21\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684twitter\u8868\u8fbe\u515a\u6d3e\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5373\u4f7f\u629b\u5f00\u300a\u516c\u52a1\u5458\uff08\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u804c\u7ea7\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u90fd\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u4e25\u4e8e\u5f8b\u5df1\u3002\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u53c2\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u5e26\u6709\u515a\u6d3e\u6216\u8fdd\u5baa\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u4e0d\u5408\u60c5\u7406\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u7ea0\u6b63\u8fdd\u80cc\u300a\u516c\u52a1\u5458\uff08\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u7684\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u5018\u82e5\u653f\u5e9c\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5728\u52a9\u957f\u5b98\u50da\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u8fdd\u5baa\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u6267\u884c\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u5bf9\u66b4\u529b\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5987\u5973\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u7a46\u65af\u6797IAS\u5b98\u5458\u5728\u63a8\u7279\u4e0a\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u6124\u6012\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u53e3+\u7236\u6743\u5236+\u6587\u76f2+\u9152\u7cbe+\u8272\u60c5+\u6280\u672f+\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c=\u5f3a\u5978\u65af\u5766\u201d\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u7684\u63a8\u6587\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdd\u53cd\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u4e3a\u6761\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e0b\uff0c\u67e5\u8c1f\u548c\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u90a6\u8fd8\u662f\u57282018\u5e74\u5bf9\u4ed6\u542f\u52a8\u4e86\u8c03\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u516d\u3001\u5bf9\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236<\/h2>\n

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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u8981\u60f3\u5b9e\u73b0\u6559\u5b66\u8c03\u52a8\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u8d3f\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u4f18\u5f02\u8868\u73b0\u83b7\u5f97\u5609\u5956\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u5219\u4f1a\u6536\u5230\u6076\u610f\u8c03\u5c97\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u8f6c\u8c03\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea4\u6613\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\u548c\u5b98\u50da\u5408\u4f5c\u5c24\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u5317\u90e8\u6700\u843d\u540e\u7684\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u90a6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8c03\u52a8\u548c\u804c\u4f4d\u5b89\u6392\u4e3a\u5bfb\u79df\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u8150\u8d25\u76db\u884c\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4e70\u5356\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662fIAS\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u79cd\u59d3\u5bf9\u90e8\u957f\u5fe0\u5fc3\u803f\u803f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4efd\u7f8e\u5dee\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8bb8\u591aIAS\u5b98\u5458\u5e76\u4e0d\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u559c\u6b22\u66f4\u6709\u6743\u52bf\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7cfb\u7edf\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u7b49\u7ea7\u4e4b\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u90e8\u7684\u79d8\u4e66\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u6bd4\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u90e8\u7684\u79d8\u4e66\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u533a\u7684\u53bf\u6cbb\u5b89\u5b98\u88ab\u8c03\u4efb\u4e3a\u57f9\u8bad\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e3b\u4efb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u803b\u8fb1\u3002\u5956\u60e9\u51b3\u7b56\u5b8c\u5168\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5bf9IAS\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\u52a0\u5f3a\u30021.\u8bbe\u7acb\u5197\u4f59\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u5feb\u901f\u664b\u5347\uff0c\u6e38\u8bf4\u96c6\u56e2\u63a8\u52a8IAS\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u65b0\u589e\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5197\u4f59\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u90a6\uff0c\u670918\u540d\u5b98\u5458\u540c\u65f6\u62c5\u4efb\u9996\u5e2d\u79d8\u4e66\u4e00\u804c\uff0c\u9886\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u85aa\u6c34\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5927\u5927\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u9ad8\u5c42\u8fc7\u5269\u3001\u4e2d\u4e0b\u5c42\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u5012\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u5f0f\u4eba\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6ede\u6da8\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u6548\u5374\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u62a2\u5360\u91cd\u8981\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u540c\u50da\u60c5\u8c0a\u8361\u7136\u65e0\u5b58\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u597d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0cIAS \u5b98\u5458\u5411\u653f\u5ba2\u8bfd\u8c24\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c11\u89c1\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e0\u9650\u5236\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u88ab\u653f\u5ba2\u52a0\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u653b\u8ba6\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u66f4\u52a0\u8f6f\u5f31\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u9000\u4f11\u540e\u8c0b\u4e00\u4efd\u95f2\u804c\uff0c\u7518\u613f\u5c48\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u8bf1\u60d1\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u66f4\u591a\u4e86\u30022.\u5931\u6548\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7acb\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u521d\u8877\uff0c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u8bae\u4f1a\u5c55\u5f00\u77e5\u60c5\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u6566\u4fc3\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u5bf9\u51b3\u7b56\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u5f88\u5c11\u5f00\u5e2d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u54c8\u91cc\u4e9a\u7eb3\u90a6\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u57282009\u5e74\u52302014\u5e743\u6708\u671f\u95f4\u53ea\u4e3e\u884c\u4e8610\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5f00\u4f1a\u65f6\u95f4\u603b\u8ba154\u5929\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u5e74\u670911\u5929\u3002\u5317\u65b9\u90a6\u3001\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u90a6\u3001\u65c1\u906e\u666e\u90a6\u548c\u5317\u963f\u574e\u5fb7\u90a6\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u4f1a\u671f\u5206\u522b\u4e3a22\u5929\u300131\u5929\u300119\u5929\u548c19\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57282007-2012\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u8d85\u8fc790%\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u80fd\u5728\u63d0\u4ea4\u5f53\u65e5\u5c31\u83b7\u5f97\u6279\u51c6\u30022011\u5e74\u5ea6\u9884\u7b97\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\u670931\u9879\u6cd5\u6848\u83b7\u6279\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u768421\u9879\u5728\u63d0\u51fa\u540e\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bae\u65e5\u5185\u83b7\u51c6\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u4ece\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u534f\u5546\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u53ea\u662f\u7ed9\u884c\u653f\u51b3\u7b56\u76d6\u4e0a\u6a61\u76ae\u56fe\u7ae0\u3002\u90a6\u4e00\u7ea7\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8bae\u5458\u5bf9\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u53ea\u60f3\u5728\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u5206\u4e00\u676f\u7fb9\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u804c\u6743\u5bf9\u5408\u540c\u7684\u7b7e\u7f72\uff0c\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u7684\u9881\u53d1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8c03\u4efb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u5e72\u9884\u3002\u5e55\u540e\u64cd\u7eb5\u4f7f\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u7d27\u63e1\u5bf9\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff0c\u52a9\u957f\u4e86\u968f\u610f\u51b3\u7b56\u4e0e\u8150\u8d25\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e0e\u7acb\u6cd5\u5206\u7acb\u5df2\u4e0d\u590d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e0d\u4e25\uff0c\u4e0a\u7ea7\u5bf9\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u80fd\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u65e5\u76ca\u52a0\u6df1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4eba\u5458\u7d20\u8d28\u4e00\u6d41\uff0c\u4f46\u5370\u5ea6\u884c\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5e76\u4e0d\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5170\u7279\u00b7\u666e\u91cc\u5207\u7279\uff08Lant Pritchett\uff09\u5bf9\u6b64\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4ed6\u79f0\u5370\u5ea6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5934\u8111\u6307\u6325\u4e0d\u4e86\u56db\u80a2\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0a\u884c\u4e0d\u4e0b\u6548\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\u201d\uff08flailing state syndrome\uff09\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u8111\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u90a6\u4e00\u7ea7\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5065\u5168\u5730\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u8111\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u795e\u7ecf\u548c\u808c\u8171\u4e0e\u56db\u80a2\u8fdb\u884c\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u7a7a\u8c08\u3002\u4ece\u536b\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5230\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u9010\u6e10\u8131\u79bb\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u5728\u6cbb\u5b89\u3001\u7a0e\u6536\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u536b\u751f\u3001\u4f9b\u6c34\u7b49\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u65e5\u5e38\u670d\u52a1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u7f3a\u52e4\u3001\u51b7\u6f20\u3001\u65e0\u80fd\u548c\u8150\u8d25\u73b0\u8c61\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e03\u3001\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\uff1f2019 \u5e74\uff0c\u603b\u7406\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u59d4\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u9879\u6539\u9769\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u5b66\u5458\uff0c<\/h2>\n

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