{"id":4547,"date":"2024-10-30T23:51:20","date_gmt":"2024-10-30T15:51:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/?p=4547"},"modified":"2024-10-30T23:51:20","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T15:51:20","slug":"%e6%b7%b1%e5%ba%a6%ef%bd%9c%e5%bc%a0%e6%96%87%e5%a8%9f%ef%bc%9a%e9%9d%a2%e5%af%b9%e9%aa%87%e4%ba%ba%e7%9a%84%e7%a7%8d%e5%a7%93%e5%88%b6%e5%ba%a6%ef%bc%8c%e5%8d%b0%e5%ae%aa%e6%b3%95%e6%90%9e%e7%9a%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/?p=4547","title":{"rendered":"\u6df1\u5ea6\uff5c\u5f20\u6587\u5a1f\uff1a\u9762\u5bf9\u9a87\u4eba\u7684\u79cd\u59d3\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5370\u5baa\u6cd5\u641e\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u4e86\u5417\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"nyyjtx-imported-article\" style=\"max-width:760px;margin:0 auto;color:#1f2933;font-size:17px;line-height:1.95;letter-spacing:0;\">\n<div class=\"wechat-article-meta\" style=\"margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;border-left:4px solid #2f5d9f;background:#f6f8fb;color:#53606d;font-size:14px;line-height:1.8;\"><strong>\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/strong>\u5f20\u6587\u5a1f<br \/><strong>\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/strong>\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u8baf<br \/><strong>\u539f\u6587\uff1a<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/d-I0gazvawie70O-fs-trA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u539f\u6587<\/a><br \/>\u672c\u6587\u517122661\u5b57\u9605\u8bfb\u9884\u8ba1\u7ea630\u5206\u949f<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f5c\u8005 | \u5f20\u6587\u5a1f\u7f16\u8f91 | \u4fde\u6b23\u6021 \u9648\u73cf\u53ef \u6458\u8981\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e2d\u6700\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u5370\u5ea6\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u52aa\u529b\u53ca\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u672c\u6587\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ca\u6269\u5c55\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u5e76\u57fa\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u8bae\u4f1a\uff09\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u53d1\u6398\u8fd9\u4e00\u6269\u5c55\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u5b9e\u65bd\u6548\u679c\u53ca\u672a\u51b3\u4e89\u8bae\u8fdb\u884c\u5256\u6790\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u4ece\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u8fd0\u884c\u548c\u6548\u679c\u4e09\u4e2a\u7eac\u5ea6\u5c06\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u673a\u7406\u4e88\u4ee5\u5448\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cbb\u5206\u6743\u7b49\u8bdd\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5207\u5b9e\u7684\u73b0\u89d2\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u8baf\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7279\u6b64\u8f6c\u8f7d\u5168\u6587\uff0c\u4f9b\u5404\u4f4d\u8bfb\u8005\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u5e73\u7b49\u6743 \u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743 \u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5 \u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc \u79cd\u59d3\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u8fdb\u5165\u5370\u5ea6\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u79cd\u59d3\u95ee\u9898\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u5e72\u9884\u201d\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5373\u5c3d\u91cf\u4e0d\u7834\u574f\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea619\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5265\u524a\u548c\u6b67\u89c6\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\uff08Dalits\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8d31\u6c11\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u89e6\u8005\u201d\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u542f\u8499\u8005\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u6b67\u89c6\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56fd\u5927\u515a\u5185\u90e8\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5c16\u9510\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5206\u6b67\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u7518\u5730\u548c\u5b89\u57f9\u5fb7\u5361\u5c14\uff08B. R. Ambedkar\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7518\u5730\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u7684\u878d\u5408\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5206\u5272\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u79cd\u59d3\u5206\u5c42\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u8d5e\u6210\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u89e6\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u547c\u5401\u9ad8\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u56de\u5f52\uff0c\u5c06\u8d31\u6c11\u5f53\u4f5c\u79bb\u795e\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u53d1\u81ea\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u7231\u62a4\u3002\u800c\u5b89\u57f9\u5fb7\u5361\u5c14\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u6076\u7684\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u53cd\u601d\u6ca1\u6709\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6025\u9700\u63d0\u9ad8\u8d31\u6c11\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u5fb7\u5361\u5c14\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3001\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7b49\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5c06\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\u7fa4\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u793e\u7fa4\u3002\u8fd9\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u7518\u5730\u7684\u575a\u51b3\u62b5\u5236\uff0c\u7518\u5730\u4e3a\u6b64\u7edd\u98df21\u5929\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u8a93\u7ec8\u751f\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5b89\u57f9\u5fb7\u5361\u5c14\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u7528\u7279\u7559\u5e2d\u4f4d\u800c\u975e\u5206\u522b\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6298\u8877\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ea0\u7ed3\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5f85\u8d31\u6c11\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5370\u5ea6\u5e76\u975e\u552f\u4e00\u91c7\u7528\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8986\u76d6\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u7cbe\u5fc3\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u548c\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08scheduled castes\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0SC\u548cscheduled tribes\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0ST\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff08other backward classes\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0OBC\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd8\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u548c\u5c11\u6570\u7fa4\u4f53\u7b49\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f46\u672c\u6587\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u4ee5\u79cd\u59d3\u6216\u9636\u5c42\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff08\u7b80\u79f0\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5c55\u5f00\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ca\u53d1\u5c55\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u5982\u53d7\u76ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6269\u5c55\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u4ece\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u8bae\u4f1a\uff09\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u62c9\u952f\uff0c\u6765\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u5baa\u6cd5\u53d1\u5c55\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u752850%\u4e0a\u7ebf\u539f\u5219\u53ca\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\u6392\u9664\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6765\u5236\u8861\u9009\u7968\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5bf9\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u6269\u5f20\uff1b\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5f15\u7528\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u6548\u679c\u4e88\u4ee5\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u5e76\u5c31\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4e89\u8bae\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u7ed3\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin:1.8em 0 .75em;padding-left:12px;border-left:4px solid #2f5d9f;font-size:1.18em;line-height:1.55;font-weight:700;color:#14213d;\">\u4e00\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u6709\u7740\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u5c06\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5217\u5165\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u7b2c14\u81f318\u6761\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5217\u5165\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u201c\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u6307\u5bfc\u51c6\u5219\u201d\u7684\u7b2c38\u300139\u300139A\u300141\u548c46\u6761\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u5728\u7b2c9\u7ae0\u548c\u7b2c9A\u7ae0\u53ca\u7b2c16\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u5728\u57fa\u5c42\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7279\u7559\u6743\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4ee5\u5265\u6d0b\u8471\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u5230\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6765\u5c42\u5c42\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6743\u5229\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53ca\u5176\u5177\u4f53\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e\u53d8\u5316\u3002\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229 \u56e0\u4e3a\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5148\u8ba8\u8bba\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u6743\u5229\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u8d77\u8349\u5206\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08Fundamental Rights Sub-committee\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u5baa\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u5728\u6280\u672f\u5904\u7406\u4e0a\u6709\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u539f\u5219\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u5c06\u6743\u5229\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5982\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5982\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3002\u8fd8\u6839\u636e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5206\u522b\u7f6e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u548c\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u6307\u5bfc\u51c6\u5219\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7bc7\u7ae0\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6700\u9ad8\uff0c\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff0c\u8be5\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\uff1a\u2460\u8c01\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eab\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u8c01\u7684\uff08\u4e3b\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u2461\u54ea\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u5ba1\u67e5\uff08\u5f62\u5f0f\u95ee\u9898\uff09\uff1b\u2462\u8fdd\u53cd\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6548\u529b\uff08\u6548\u529b\u95ee\u9898\uff09\uff1b\u2463\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\u53ca\u9002\u5f53\u9650\u5236\uff08\u5185\u5bb9\u95ee\u9898\uff09\uff1b\u2464\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u906d\u5230\u8fdd\u53cd\u65f6\u7684\u6551\u6d4e\u9014\u5f84\uff08\u6551\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u516d\u5927\u7c7b\uff1a\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\uff08\u7b2c14\u81f318\u6761\uff09\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u6743\uff08\u7b2c19\u81f322\u6761\uff09\u3001\u53cd\u5265\u524a\u6743\uff08\u7b2c23\u81f324\u6761\uff09\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u6743\uff08\u7b2c25\u81f328\u6761\uff09\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u6743\uff08\u7b2c29\u81f331\u6761\u548c\u7b2c21A\u6b3e\uff09\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6551\u6d4e\u6743\uff08\u7b2c32\u6761\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u516b\u7c7b\uff0c\u591a\u51fa\u7684\u4e24\u9879\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6743\u5229\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u7b2c20-22\u6761\u7684\u5212\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c20\u6761\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5211\u4e8b\u6307\u63a7\u4e0e\u5ba1\u5224\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u7b2c21\u6761\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u548c\u4eba\u8eab\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u7b2c22\u6761\u5219\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0d\u53d7\u975e\u6cd5\u902e\u6355\u548c\u76d1\u7981\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u4e3b\u5f20\u516d\u5927\u7c7b\u6743\u5229\u5212\u5206\u6cd5\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5c06\u7b2c19\u6761\u6709\u5173\u8a00\u8bba\u3001\u96c6\u4f1a\u3001\u7ed3\u793e\u3001\u8fc1\u5f99\u3001\u5c45\u4f4f\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u81ea\u7531\u7b49\u89c4\u5b9a\u548c\u7b2c20\u81f322\u6761\u90fd\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u575a\u6301\u516b\u5927\u7c7b\u5212\u5206\u6cd5\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5219\u5c06\u7b2c20\u81f322\u6761\u5355\u5217\u4e3a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4f46\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5bf9\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c21\u6761\u7684\u9002\u7528\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6587\u5316\u6743\u5229\u901a\u8fc7\u6b64\u6761\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5b83\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6743\u5229\u30022001\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7b2c86\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5728\u7b2c21\u6761\u4e2d\u52a0\u516521A\uff0c\u5c066\u81f314\u5c81\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8be5\u6761\u5177\u6709\u5b9e\u4f53\u6743\u5229\u503e\u5411\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c20\u6761\u548c22\u6761\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5217\u5165\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4eba\u8eab\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u4e0d\u53d7\u975e\u6cd5\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u516d\u5206\u6cd5\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u5212\u5206\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5baa\u6cd5\u53d8\u52a8\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u3002\u5728\u6700\u521d\u5236\u5baa\u65f6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u4e0d\u8d5e\u540c\u5c06\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u5217\u5165\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5c06\u963b\u788d\u6d88\u706d\u5927\u5730\u4e3b\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e15\u7279\u5c14\uff08Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5217\u5165\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7b2c19\uff081f\uff09\u9879\u548c31\u6761\u30021951\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5e15\u7279\u5c14\u53bb\u4e16\u4ec5\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u4fbf\u901a\u8fc7\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u7684\u884c\u4f7f\u3002\u800c1979\u5e74\u751f\u6548\u7684\u7b2c44\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5c06\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u79fb\u51fa\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u56e0\u6b64\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u73b0\u884c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u516d\u5927\u7c7b\uff1a\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u3001\u53cd\u5265\u524a\u6743\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6551\u6d4e\u6743\u3002\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6743\u5229\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u5f8b\u751a\u81f3\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u5176\u4fee\u6539\u6216\u51cf\u635f\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u5728\u5f00\u7bc7\u7b2c13\u6761\u5c31\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7acb\u6cd5\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5265\u593a\u3001\u9650\u5236\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u30021971\u5e74\u7684\u7b2c24\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u52a0\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u6216\u5265\u593a\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5373\u6784\u6210\u8fdd\u5baa\u3002\u4e0e\u5217\u5165\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u6307\u5bfc\u51c6\u5219\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u53ef\u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6551\u6d4e\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c32\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u548c\u7b2c226\u6761\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u7ecf\u8bae\u4f1a\u6388\u6743\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7b2c32\u6761\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u7b2c226\u6761\u662f\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u6267\u884c\u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6743\u5229\u5728\u5185\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u8981\u53d7\u7b2c32\u6761\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u7b2c32\u6761\u53c8\u88ab\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u8d77\u8349\u7684\u4e3b\u7b14\u8005\u5b89\u57f9\u5fb7\u5361\u5c14\u535a\u58eb\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u201d\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u548c\u9ad8\u9662\u5728\u6267\u884c\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u53d1\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u4ee4\u72b6\uff0c\u5982\u4eba\u8eab\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ee4\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u4ee4\u3001\u8c03\u5377\u4ee4\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u6267\u884c\u4ee4\u7b49\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u4ee4\u72b6\uff0c\u4f46\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u7684\u4ee4\u72b6\u6781\u5c11\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5c31\u50cf\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u00b7\u7d22\u5c3c\u8bc9\u5370\u5ea6\u8054\u90a6\uff08Indra Sawhney vs Union of India\uff09\u6848\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\u201d\uff09\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u6df1\u77e5\u201c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u793e\u7fa4\u3001\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u4e60\u60ef\u591a\u5143\u5230\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u63aa\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6df1\u77e5\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u516c\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u964b\u4e60\u6b63\u4f24\u5bb3\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u88ab\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\uff0c\u5176\u6559\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e5f\u6709\u6e05\u9192\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22\u51fa\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u5e73\u6743\u63aa\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u505a\u51fa\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c14\u81f318\u6761\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u6761\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u201c\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u673a\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u56fd\u5bb6\u7acb\u6cd5\u653f\u7b56\u6307\u5bfc\u51c6\u5219\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u6210\u8fd9\u4e00\u6743\u5229\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u7b2c38\u548c\u7b2c46\u6761\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u7b2c16\u7ae0\u7684\u7279\u522b\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u4e5f\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u5173\u4e8e\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u975e\u5e38\u7ec6\u81f4\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u6d88\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u3002\u800c\u5728\u6d88\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u4e2d\uff0c\u53c8\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e5f\u9762\u5411\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c14\u6761\u548c\u7b2c15\uff081\uff09\u6b3e\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\uff0c\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3b\u4f53\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c14\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5f97\u62d2\u7edd\u7ed9\u4e88\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5883\u5185\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6216\u8005\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u3002\u7b2c15\uff081\uff09\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u6027\u522b\u3001\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u70b9\u6216\u5176\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u9879\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u6240\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u201d\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u660e\u786e\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8bed\u3002\u53e6\u9700\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7b2c14\u6761\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6bcd\u6cd5\u6761\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u6761\u65e2\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\uff0c\u53c8\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u524d\u8005\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\uff0c\u5373\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u540c\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u533a\u5206\u4e3b\u4f53\u548c\u60c5\u52bf\u3002\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8ff0\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c11\u89c1\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7b2c14\u6761\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4e9b\u6cd5\u6761\uff0c\u5982\u7b2c16\u6761\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u9664\u4e86\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u53c8\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u4e8b\u9879\u6709\u6240\u533a\u5206\u3002\u5982\u7b2c15\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u5c31\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u9910\u9986\u3001\u5546\u573a\u3001\u9152\u5e97\u3001\u6c34\u4e95\u3001\u9053\u8def\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4f4e\u79cd\u59d3\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u573a\u6240\u3002\u7b2c16\u6761\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u804c\u53d7\u8058\u673a\u4f1a\u5747\u7b49\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u7b2c16\uff081\uff09\u6b3e\u300116\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u3001\u7b2c29\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u6ca1\u6709\u7528\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5f97\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7528\u8bed\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u7528\u4e3b\u8bed\uff08Therebe\u53e5\u578b\uff09\u6216\u7528\u516c\u6c11\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee5\u5426\u5b9a\u53e5\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u8fbe\uff08Nocitizen shall\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5c06\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\uff0c\u627f\u62c5\u8be5\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u516c\u804c\u8058\u7528\u6216\u8005\u5b66\u751f\u8fdb\u5165\u516c\u7acb\u673a\u6784\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7b2c17\u6761\u4ee5\u6700\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u63aa\u8f9e\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u6700\u6076\u52a3\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u2014\u2014\u201c\u8d31\u6c11\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u9762\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u6709\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u7b2c18\u6761\u5219\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u201c\u8854\u79f0\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u519b\u961f\u548c\u6559\u804c\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u8854\u79f0\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7b2c15\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u548c\u7b2c17\u6761\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\u5730\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u79c1\u7acb\u4e3b\u4f53\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u7684\u5408\u5baa\u6027\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5168\u5e2d\u88c1\u5224\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u7ecf\u5e38\u7531\u72ec\u4efb\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b98\u3001\u4e09\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u5ead\u505a\u51fa\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u7531\u4e94\u540d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ec4\u6210\u5ba1\u5224\u5ead\u8fdb\u884c\u88c1\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u5176\u5ba1\u67e5\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u5982\u51ef\u5766\uff08Khaitan\uff09\u5c31\u53ea\u6536\u96c6\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u4e94\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5b98\u5ba1\u7406\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6709\u5173\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bd5\u56fe\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u5ba1\u67e5\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u51ef\u5766\u4ece\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u51c6\u5219\uff1a\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\uff08unreasonable comparison\uff09\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u975e\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff08noncomparative\/arbitrary unreasonableness\uff09\u3002\u524d\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u88ab\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5728\u524d\u671f\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5212\u5206\u51c6\u5219\u201d\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\uff0c\u501f\u7528\u884c\u653f\u884c\u4e3a\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6b66\u65ad\u201d\u539f\u5219\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6b66\u65ad\u51c6\u5219\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u524d\u8005\u4e0e\u540e\u8005\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u533a\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u4ee5\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u4eba\u7fa4\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u51ef\u5766\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5404\u81ea\u90fd\u6709\u5c40\u9650\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6027\u5ba1\u67e5\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u7aef\u502a\u3002\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u5e73\u6743\u63aa\u65bd\uff1a\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6d88\u6781\u6027\u5baa\u6cd5\u5e73\u6743\u63aa\u65bd\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5e73\u6743\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u662f\u6700\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u53d1\u5c55\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u7b2c15\u6761\u548c\u7b2c16\u6761\u3002\u4f46\u7b2c15\u6761\u548c16\u6761\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u5e73\u6743\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u53c8\u7ecf\u5e38\u4ee5\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c38\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u548c46\u6761\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u6307\u5bfc\u51c6\u5219\u4f5c\u4e3a\u80cc\u4e66\u3002\u7b2c46\u6761\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u6388\u6743\u7acb\u6cd5\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u589e\u8fdb\u4eba\u6c11\u4e2d\u5f31\u5c0f\u9636\u5c42\u4e4b\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u2018\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u2019\u548c\u2018\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u2019\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5e76\u5e94\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e0d\u516c\u5f85\u9047\u4e0e\u4e00\u5207\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u5265\u524a\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u201d\u7b2c38\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u662f\u901a\u8fc71978\u5e74\u7b2c44\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5217\u5165\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6388\u6743\u6027\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c24\u5e94\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7f29\u5c0f\u6536\u5165\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u6d88\u9664\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6216\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e0d\u540c\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u793e\u7fa4\u4e4b\u95f4\u5728\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u673a\u4f1a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u5374\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u8ba8\u597d\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u5229\u5668\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c15\u548c16\u6761\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u6269\u5c55\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5916\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd8\u5728\u7b2c9\u7ae0\u5173\u4e8e\u519c\u6751\u81ea\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u30019A\u7ae0\u57ce\u5e02\u81ea\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u7b2c16\u7ae0\u4e13\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u9009\u4e3e\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u5c06\u7b2c15\u6761\u786e\u7acb\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u540e\u8fd9\u4e00\u6761\u6210\u4e3a\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u79cd\u59d3\u5e73\u6743\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u9886\u57df\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u5e73\u53f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u610f\u5728\u7b2c14\u6761\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u539f\u5219\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u6765\u7ea6\u675f\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5982\u7b2c15\uff081\uff09\u6b3e\u7981\u6b62\u653f\u5e9c\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u7b2c15\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u5219\u7981\u6b62\u793e\u4f1a\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c15\uff083\uff09\u6b3e\u6388\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u5973\u6027\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u5236\u5b9a\u7279\u522b\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u8fd9\u4e00\u6761\u6b3e\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u79cd\u59d3\u5e73\u6743\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u5e73\u53f0\u3002\u57281951\u5e74\u4e5f\u5373\u5baa\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5728\u7b2c15\u6761\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e5f\u537315\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u201c\u672c\u6761\u6216\u7b2c29\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u9762\u843d\u540e\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u5236\u5b9a\u7279\u522b\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u201d\u4ee5\u6b64\u6388\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5305\u62ec\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u5728\u5185\u7684\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u91c7\u53d6\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u5e73\u6743\u63aa\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u56e0\u4e3a15\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u7b2c29\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u5173\u4e8e\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u7684\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ece2000\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6761\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u6559\u80b2\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5e73\u53f0\u3002\u59822005\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7b2c93\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7b2c15\uff085\uff09\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u516c\u7acb\u548c\u79c1\u7acb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u8d62\u5f972019\u5e74\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u53c8\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u80c6\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u4e8e2019\u5e741\u6708\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c103\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7b2c15\uff086\uff09\u6b3e\uff0c\u5c06\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u6ca1\u6709\u7eb3\u5165\u4f4e\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc710%\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c16\u6761\u5219\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u63a8\u52a8\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u7b2c16\uff081\uff09\u548c\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u662f\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6d88\u6781\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u7b2c16\uff083\uff09\u6b3e\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e9b\u516c\u804c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u3002\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5219\u6d89\u53ca\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u79cd\u59d3\u5e73\u6743\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u8be5\u6761\u5141\u8bb8\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7ed9\u4e88\u7279\u7559\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002\u4ece1995\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\u540e\u9762\u53c8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e24\u9879\uff1a\u7b2c16\uff084A\uff09\u9879\uff0c\u7cfb1995\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c77\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5217\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e2001\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c85\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e88\u4ee5\u8865\u5145\u3002\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6388\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u63d0\u62d4\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8db3\u591f\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u522b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c16\uff084B\uff09\u9879\u5219\u662f\u901a\u8fc72000\u5e74\u7b2c81\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u52a0\u5165\u7684\uff1a\u4e3a\u7279\u522b\u9636\u5c42\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u5e74\u6ca1\u6709\u62db\u6ee1\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e9b\u804c\u4f4d\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e50%\u7684\u4e0a\u7ebf\u9650\u5236\u30022019\u5e741\u6708\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c103\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u8fd8\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u7b2c16\uff086\uff09\u6b3e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b3e\u540c\u7b2c15\uff086\uff09\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u7eb3\u5165\u4f4e\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u8303\u56f4\u4f46\u53c8\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u521b\u9020\u516c\u804c\u7279\u7559\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8bbe\u4e8610%\u4e3a\u4e0a\u7ebf\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u5728\u7b2c14\u6761\u8bbe\u5b9a\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u540e\uff0c\u7b2c15\u6761\u548c\u7b2c16\u6761\u5219\u662f\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u53cd\u5411\u6b67\u89c6\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u52a0\u4ee5\u786e\u8ba4\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u90e8\u5206\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u9009\u4e3e\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u4e8e\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6ca1\u6709\u7eb3\u5165\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5173\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\uff08House of People\uff09\u3001\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff08State Legislature\uff09\u53ca\u519c\u6751\u81ea\u6cbb\u673a\u6784\uff08Panchayat\uff09\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u81ea\u6cbb\u673a\u6784\uff08municipalities\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u3002\u7b2c243D\u6761\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u519c\u6751\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u8981\u4e3a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7559\u51fa\u4e0e\u5176\u4eba\u53e3\u76f8\u79f0\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7b2c243D\u6761\u8fd8\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u5973\u6027\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u9884\u7559\uff1a\u4e0d\u8bba\u5728\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u9884\u7559\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6751\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c11\u4e8e\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7b2c243T\u6761\u662f\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u81ea\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0e\u519c\u6751\u81ea\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u89c4\u5b9a\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c330\u6761\u5219\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\uff08\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\uff09\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u4e3a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u9884\u7559\u4e0e\u5176\u4eba\u53e3\u76f8\u79f0\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u7b2c332\u6761\u5219\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5728\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u9884\u7559\u4e0e\u5176\u4eba\u53e3\u76f8\u79f0\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u79cd\u59d3\u5e73\u6743\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u3001\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u3001\u57fa\u5c42\u9009\u4e3e\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3001\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u9009\u4e3e\u5e2d\u4f4d\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\u9009\u4e3e\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002\u5728\u57fa\u5c42\u9009\u4e3e\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u519c\u6751\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\uff09\u3001\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u9009\u4e3e\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u53d7\u76ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6bd4\u4f8b\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u81ea\u5236\u5b9a\u5baa\u6cd5\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u7c7b\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u6216\u7acb\u6cd5\u9886\u57df\u53d8\u52a8\u4e0d\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u521d\u5236\u5baa\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c333\u6761\u5c06\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u9884\u7559\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e34\u65f6\u8fc7\u6e21\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e8610\u5e74\u7684\u671f\u9650\u3002\u4f46\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u6761\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u5ef6\u957f\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece10\u5e74\u5ef6\u957f\u523070\u5e74\u3002\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4e2d\u6700\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u662f\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u548c\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u53d7\u76ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u5c5e\u843d\u540e\u79cd\u59d3\u4f46\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6536\u5165\u4f4e\u7684\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6743\uff0c\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u516c\u7acb\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u79c1\u7acb\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u662f\u5426\u5f97\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u52a9\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u5219\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u5165\u804c\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5347\u804c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin:1.8em 0 .75em;padding-left:12px;border-left:4px solid #2f5d9f;font-size:1.18em;line-height:1.55;font-weight:700;color:#14213d;\">\u4e8c\u3001\u5baa\u6cd5\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea0\u7ed3\uff1a<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u6269\u5c55\u4e0e\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5236\u7ea6\u5370\u5ea6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u6885\u5854\uff08Pratap Bhanu Metha\uff09\u5728\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6df1\u523b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u6beb\u4e0d\u5938\u5f20\u7684\u8bf4\uff0c\u79cd\u59d3\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u9009\u7968\u52a8\u5458\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u79cd\u59d3\u4e0e\u6295\u7968\u504f\u597d\u6709\u7740\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u201d\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5370\u5ea6\u77e5\u540d\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u7126\u8fbe\u5361\uff08Surinder S. Jodhka\uff09\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u79cd\u59d3\u793e\u7fa4\u51b3\u5b9a\u7740\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u538b\u529b\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u5370\u5ea6\u5168\u56fd\u3001\u5730\u533a\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u65e5\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u987e\u8651\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u653f\u515a\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u9879\u76ee\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u201d\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4eec\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u7528\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4e89\u53d6\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u7acb\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u6269\u5c55\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5151\u73b0\u7ade\u9009\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6b63\u5982\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u8bba\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u81ea90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u9002\u7528\u7fa4\u4f53\u3001\u53d7\u76ca\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3b\u4f53\u3001\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8ba9\u4eba\u6000\u7591\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u540e\u662f\u5426\u53d8\u6210\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4eab\u6709\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u662f\u5baa\u6cd5\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u4e2d\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6388\u4e88\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u539f\u59cb\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u53f8\u6cd5\u6551\u6d4e\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u6b64\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4e0d\u662f\u53bb\u9f13\u52b1\u653f\u5e9c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u6269\u5c55\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6291\u5236\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4eec\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5b66\u8005\u8fbe\u4e07\uff08Rajeev Dhavan\uff09\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5206\u6b67\u6216\u62c9\u952f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u662f\uff1a20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u300160\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u9886\u57df\uff0c70\u300180\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4fee\u5baa\u6743\u9886\u57df\u548c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b14\u8005\u4ece\u7279\u7559\u6743\u53d7\u76ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u3001\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u548c\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u6269\u5c55\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u5206\u6790\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u62c9\u952f\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u80cc\u666f\u3002\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u7279\u7559\u6743\u53d7\u76ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u4e0e\u9650\u5236\u5370\u5ea6\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u6700\u521d\u5c06\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5f15\u5165\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5173\u6ce8\u6700\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\uff09\u548c\u6700\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u6307Adivasis\uff0c\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u5927\u9646\u6700\u539f\u59cb\u3001\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u90e8\u843d\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e8610\u5e74\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u671f\u9650\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u540e\u6765\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u5ef6\u957f\u548c\u6269\u5c55\u3002\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6307\u8d31\u6c11\u6216\u8005\u88ab\u7518\u5730\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u54c8\u91cc\u771f\uff08Harijans\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u57281951\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u65f6\u67095100\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u5360\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u768414.4%\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ed6\u4eec\u957f\u671f\u906d\u53d7\u4e25\u91cd\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u88ab\u793e\u4f1a\u9694\u79bb\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u662f\u6700\u4f4e\u7ea7\u3001\u6700\u810f\u5dee\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u7279\u7559\u6743\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u6210\u4ed6\u4eec\u878d\u5165\u4e3b\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u7b2c17\u6761\u7684\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u5386\u53f2\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5265\u524a\u548c\u504f\u89c1\u3002\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u662f\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u4e1c\u90e8\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u5730\u533a\u548c\u5357\u90e8\u4ece\u4e8b\u539f\u59cb\u6e38\u7267\u6216\u72e9\u730e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u504f\u50fb\u3001\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u8f83\u6162\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u5c45\u6c11\u6216\u90e8\u843d\u57281951\u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\u65f6\u67091900\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u5360\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u76845.3%\uff0c\u540e\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u5927\u7ea6\u5360\u4eba\u53e3\u76847.5%\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c06\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7eb3\u5165\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u9f13\u52b1\u540c\u5316\u548c\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5173\u4e8e\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c341\u6761\u548c342\u6761\u6388\u6743\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7edf\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u786e\u5b9a\u5b8c\u6bd5\u540e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u529b\u518d\u4e88\u4ee5\u589e\u51cf\u3002\u589e\u51cf\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5f52\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u5171\u6709\u51e0\u6b21\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7edf\u4ee4\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u662f\u57281950\u5e74\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7edf\u6709\u5173\u5baa\u6cd5\uff08\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\uff09\u4ee4\u300b\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7edf\u6709\u5173\u5baa\u6cd5\uff08\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff09\u4ee4\u300b\uff0c1951\u5e74\u8fd8\u8865\u5145\u4e86C\u7c7b\u90a6\u7684\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5bf91950\u5e74\u548c1951\u5e74\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u4ee4\u610f\u89c1\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f1956\u5e74\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u5bf9\u603b\u7edf\u4ee4\u505a\u4e86\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5e76\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4ee4\u4fee\u6539\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u56e0\u4e3a\u6267\u884c\u8bed\u8a00\u5efa\u90a6\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u591a\u4e2a\u90a6\u91cd\u65b0\u7ec4\u5efa\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e8e1976\u5e74\u53c8\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4ee4\u4fee\u6539\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u9a6c\u54c8\u62c9\u65bd\u7279\u62c9\u8bc9\u7c73\u6797\u5fb7\u6848\uff08Maharashtra v. Milind\uff09\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u201d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u6307\u603b\u7edf\u4f9d\u636e\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c341\u6761\u548c342\u6761\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u201d\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u540d\u5355\u662f\u56e0\u90a6\u800c\u5f02\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u540d\u5355\u4e0a\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u6216\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u90a6\u7684\u540d\u5355\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u6216\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6b64\u4eba\u5728\u8be5\u90a6\u4fbf\u4e0d\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u5e15\u8482\u5c14\u8bc9\u90e8\u843d\u53d1\u5c55\u9644\u52a0\u4e13\u5458\u6848\uff08Patil v. Additional Commissioner of Tribal Development\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u59d0\u59b9\u4ee5\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u8eab\u4efd\u7533\u8bf7\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u5165\u5b66\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u9a6c\u54c8\u8fea\u5965\u79d1\u5229\uff08Mahadeo Koli\uff09\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5355\u5b50\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9a6c\u54c8\u90a6\u62c9\u65bd\u7279\u62c9\u53ea\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u5728\u8c03\u67e5\u673a\u5236\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u5219\u7531\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c338\u6761\u786e\u8ba4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b98\u5458\u6765\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u540e\u4e8e1990\u5e74\u7b2c65\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6539\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u7b2c2003\u7b2c89\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u843d\u540e\u79cd\u59d3\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c89\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u8fd8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7b2c338A\u6761\uff0c\u4e3a\u843d\u540e\u90e8\u843d\u4e5f\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u843d\u540e\u90e8\u843d\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u30022018\u5e74\u7684\u7b2c102\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7b2c38B\u6761\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u4e5f\u4e13\u95e8\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u540d\u5355\u786e\u8ba4\u6743\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u90a6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u4e89\u53d6\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743\uff0c\u5982\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u4e2d\u53ef\u5426\u518d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7ec6\u5316\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7b49\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5bf9\u6b64\u6301\u5426\u5b9a\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5982\u94a6\u5948\u4e9a\uff08E. V. Chinnaiah vs State Of AP\uff09\u6848\u30022000\u5e74\u5b89\u5f97\u62c9\u90a6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\uff08\u7406\u6027\u5316\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff09\u6cd5\u6848\u300b[Scheduled Castes\uff08Rationalisation of Reservations\uff09Act, 2000]\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8be5\u90a6\u628a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u7ec4\uff1aA\u7ec4\u3001B\u7ec4\u3001C\u7ec4\u548cD\u7ec4\uff0c\u76f8\u5e94\u7ed9\u4e881%\u30017%\u30016%\u548c1%\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u906d\u5230\u8fdd\u5baa\u8d77\u8bc9\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u4e0a\u8bc9\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u65e0\u6743\u518d\u5c31\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u79cd\u59d3\u540d\u5355\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec6\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5355\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u518d\u88ab\u7ec6\u5206\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5212\u5206\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u7ec6\u5206\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5c06\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u540d\u5355\u5236\u5b9a\u6743\u79fb\u51fa\u4e86\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u5c31\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u5982\u4f55\u7eb3\u5165\u7279\u7559\u6743\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u614e\u91cd\u7684\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c340\u6761\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u6709\u6743\u4efb\u547d\u8c03\u67e5\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bc4\u4f30\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5411\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5b9e\u65bd\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u662f\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u91cd\u5fc3\u3002\u800c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u5219\u4f9d\u8d56\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08Backward Class Commission\uff09\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u5efa\u8bae\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7b2c340\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e1953\u5e74\u4efb\u547d\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u53c8\u53eb\u5361\u83b1\u5965\u5361\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08Kalelkar Commission\uff09\uff0c\u6765\u8c03\u67e5\u5728\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u9700\u8981\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5361\u83b1\u5965\u5361\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u672c\u6765\u4ee5\u79cd\u59d3\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c062399\u4e2a\u793e\u7fa4\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7ea6\u5360\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u53e3\u768432%\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f46\u662f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5206\u949f\u53c8\u8865\u5145\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ee5\u79cd\u59d3\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u53bb\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5426\u8ba4\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5f53\u603b\u7edf\u5c061965\u5e74\u62a5\u544a\u548c\u5efa\u8bae\u63d0\u4ea4\u5230\u8bae\u4f1a\u65f6\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5efa\u8bae\u4e88\u4ee5\u575a\u51b3\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ee5\u79cd\u59d3\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u5212\u5206\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u5177\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u505a\u51fa\u91cd\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u662f\u66fc\u9053\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\uff08Mandal Commission Report\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709\u5173\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u88ab\u63d0\u53ca\u6700\u591a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5176\u88ab\u91cd\u89c6\u4e5f\u53d7\u76ca\u4e8e90\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u6539\u9769\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5361\u83b1\u5965\u5361\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u5f88\u591a\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7981\u6b62\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u4e88\u4ee5\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u52301978\u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u670913\u4e2a\u90a6\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5728\u5357\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u5927\u515a\u5931\u6389\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\uff08Janata Party\uff0c\u540e\u6539\u540d\u4e3aLok Dal\uff09\u7ec4\u5efa\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u6267\u653f\u3002\u8fd9\u5c4a\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u6b63\u95ee\u9898\u5f88\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u4efb\u547d\u66fc\u9053\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6765\u8c03\u67e5\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u7ed9\u66fc\u9053\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b83\u51fa\u5177\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6709\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u66fc\u9053\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u51fa\u5177\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u590d\u5408\u6307\u6807\u786e\u8ba4\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5171\u670911\u4e2a\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u5206\u522b\u5360\u4e0d\u540c\u6bd4\u91cd\uff0c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u548c\u975e\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u7684\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u8fd8\u5206\u5316\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u5957\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u636e\u6b64\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u66fc\u9053\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51fa\u5177\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u4e863743\u4e2a\u843d\u540e\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ea6\u5360\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u768452%\u3002\u66fc\u9053\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bae\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u768427%\u4ee5\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u9664\u4e861982\u5e74\u548c1983\u5e74\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u8d77\u591a\u5927\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u76f4\u52301990\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u8f9b\u683c\uff08VPSingh\uff09\u603b\u7406\u51b3\u5b9a\u63a5\u53d7\u66fc\u9053\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5e76\u5ba3\u5e03\u5c0627%\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u8fd9\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9707\u8361\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u8d70\u4e0a\u5927\u8857\u793a\u5a01\u6e38\u884c\u30021991\u5e74\u8f9b\u683c\u4e0b\u53f0\uff0c\u9976\u603b\u7406\uff08Narasimha Rao\uff09\u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u30021992\u5e74\u7684\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u5bf9\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c4227%\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u8be5\u5236\u5ea6\u786e\u8ba4\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u968f\u7740\u7279\u7559\u6743\u9002\u7528\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6269\u5145\uff0c2018\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c102\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7b2c342A\u6761\uff0c\u4ee5\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u7b2c341\u548c342\u6761\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u540d\u5355\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u540d\u5355\u4ece2018\u5e74\u540e\u4e5f\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u786e\u8ba4\u3002\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\u6392\u9664\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u66fc\u9053\u62a5\u544a\u88ab\u8f9b\u683c\u603b\u7406\u786e\u8ba4\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u52a0\u4ee5\u7efc\u5408\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u66fc\u9053\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\u6392\u9664\u89c4\u5219\u201d\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u9996\u5148\u91cd\u7533\uff0c\u5355\u7eaf\u4ee5\u79cd\u59d3\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u8fdd\u5baa\uff1b\u7136\u540e\u6cd5\u9662\u53c8\u89e3\u91ca\u5230\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u53d1\u8fbe\u6216\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u843d\u540e\u79cd\u59d3\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u6392\u9664\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u771f\u6b63\u6392\u9664\u4e86\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u624d\u4f1a\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u57282000\u5e74\u7684\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\uff08II\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u518d\u6b21\u91cd\u7533\uff0c\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u7b2c14\u6761\u548c\u7b2c16\uff081\uff09\u6b3e\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6392\u9664\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8ba9\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u53d7\u76ca\u3002\u6b64\u6848\u662f\u9488\u5bf91995\u5e74\u79d1\u62c9\u62c9\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba3\u5e03\u5176\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5ba3\u79f0\u79d1\u62c9\u62c9\u90a6\u6ca1\u6709\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\uff08Creamy Layer\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\u6392\u9664\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4ece\u5b9e\u8df5\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6536\u5165\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u5982\u5e74\u6536\u516580\u4e07\u5362\u6bd4\uff088\u4e07\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff09\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u6216\u7236\u6bcd\u5728A\u7c7b\u6216B\u7c7b\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u4f4d\u4e0a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6216\u7236\u6bcd\u5728\u4e00\u7c7b\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u4f4d\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6ee1\u8db3\u6b64\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u8005\u90fd\u7b97\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">2019\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7b2c103\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7eb3\u5165\u7279\u7559\u6743\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7ed9\u4e8810%\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5173\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u843d\u540e\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u662f\uff1a\u6216\u8005\u5bb6\u5ead\u5e74\u6536\u5165\u4f4e\u4e8e80\u4e07\u5362\u6bd4\uff08\u7ea68\u4e07\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff09\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u571f\u5730\u5c11\u4e8e5\u82f1\u4ea9\uff1b\u6216\u4f4f\u623f\u5728\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u533a\u57df\u5c0f\u4e8e1000\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u5c3a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u843d\u540e\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8be5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6709\u5f85\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u8fdb\u884c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u7a81\u7834\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5173\u4e8e50%\u4e0a\u9650\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u57281992\u5e74\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5df2\u7ecf\u660e\u786e\u62d2\u7edd\u627f\u8ba4\u7ed9\u4e88\u7ecf\u6d4e\u843d\u540e\u57fa\u5c42\u7279\u7559\u6743\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5408\u5baa\u6027\u3002\u76f8\u4fe1\u5728\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5c06\u6765\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u6848\u4ef6\u8d77\u8bc9\u6216\u4e0a\u8bc9\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5c06\u634d\u536b50%\u7684\u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u505a\u51fa\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u8fd9\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u4ee5\u7b2c15\u6761\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u4e0e\u9650\u52361951\u5e74\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u5baa\u6cd5\u751f\u6548\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\uff0c\u9a6c\u5fb7\u62c9\u65af\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f4e\u79cd\u59d3\u793e\u7fa4\u8fdb\u5165\u516c\u7acb\u7406\u5de5\u7c7b\u548c\u533b\u836f\u7c7b\u5927\u5b66\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u7136\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5a46\u7f57\u95e8\u5b66\u751f\u5c31\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c226\u6761\u5411\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u63d0\u8d77\u4e86\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u540e\u4e0a\u8bc9\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u4ee5\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c29\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9a6c\u5fb7\u62c9\u65af\u90a6\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b64\u89c4\u5b9a\u53ea\u6839\u636e\u79cd\u59d3\u5bf9\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5165\u5b66\u505a\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u7684\u6b64\u6b21\u4ecb\u5165\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c1\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e8e\u540c\u5e74\u51fa\u53f0\u3002\u8be5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7b2c15\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53cd\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u7b2c15\u6761\u548c\u7b2c29\uff082\uff09\u6b3e\u4e0d\u80fd\u5236\u7ea6\u8054\u90a6\u548c\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u589e\u52a0\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u5165\u5b66\u673a\u4f1a\u800c\u5236\u5b9a\u7279\u6b8a\u653f\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b2c15\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u901a\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u90a6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u843d\u5b9e\u3002\u5982\u8fc8\u7d22\u5c14\u90a6\uff08\u73b0\u5361\u7eb3\u5854\u514b\u90a6\uff09\u5c31\u4e8e1958\u5e747\u670826\u65e5\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u9664\u5a46\u7f57\u95e8\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u8be5\u90a6\u533b\u836f\u3001\u7406\u5de5\u7b49\u5927\u5b66\u5c0675%\u7684\u5165\u5b66\u5e2d\u4f4d\u9884\u7559\u7ed9\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u53ea\u670925%\u7ed9\u5a46\u7f57\u95e8\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u4e8e1959\u30011960\u548c1961\u5e74\u5206\u522b\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u8be5\u90a6\u4e8e1962\u5e74\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6765\u53d6\u4ee31958\u5e74\u81f31962\u5e74\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5373\u8be5\u90a6\u533b\u836f\u3001\u7406\u5de5\u3001\u6280\u672f\u7c7b\u9662\u6821\u5728\u5f55\u53d6\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff08\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff09\u9884\u7559\u51fa68%\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u768432%\u5e2d\u4f4d\u901a\u8fc7\u62e9\u4f18\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f55\u53d6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u670926\u4f4d\u9ad8\u79cd\u59d3\u516c\u6c11\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c32\u6761\u76f4\u63a5\u8d77\u8bc9\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4ee4\u72b6\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5e94\u8be5\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u91c7\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u843d\u540e\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6392\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u7fa4\u4e2d\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u4e5f\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5165\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u201d\u6cd5\u9662\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u7b2c15\uff084\uff09\u548c\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5fc5\u987b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5408\u7406\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7b2c15\uff084\uff09\u548c16\uff084\uff09\u662f\u4f8b\u5916\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u201c\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u8bbe\u5b9a\u5e94\u8be5\u4f4e\u4e8e50%\u3002\u57281992\u5e74\u7684\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u518d\u6b21\u786e\u8ba4\u4e0d\u80fd\u7a81\u783450%\u7684\u4e0a\u9650\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7565\u5fae\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b50%\u4e0a\u9650\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u533a\u5206\u826f\u6027\u6b67\u89c6\u548c\u6076\u6027\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a50%\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u9884\u7559\u662f\u5bf9\u975e\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6076\u6027\u6b67\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u4e00\u9650\u5236\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u62d3\u5c55\u5230\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002\u7b2c15\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u5f15\u5165\u540e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6cd5\u9662\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u843d\u540e\u7684\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u867d\u7136\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u6743\u754c\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u901a\u8fc7\u8fdd\u5baa\u5ba1\u67e5\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u8d1e\uff08M. P. Jain\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u7684\u5224\u4f8b\u505a\u4e86\u68b3\u7406\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u201d\u201c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u201d\u843d\u540e\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u548c\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u201c\u6216\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u8d2b\u56f0\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5224\u65ad\u843d\u540e\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u90fd\u7a77\uff1b\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u843d\u540e\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0e\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u672a\u5fc5\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\uff1b\uff08\u56db\uff09\u79cd\u59d3\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u843d\u540e\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u56e0\u7d20\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\uff08\u4e94\uff09\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ffd\u89c6\u8d2b\u56f0\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u548c\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u5bf9\u843d\u540e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\uff08\u516d\uff09\u843d\u540e\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53c2\u8003\u79cd\u59d3\u3002\u5728\u6770\u683c\u8fea\u4ec0\u00b7\u5185\u5409\uff08Jagdish Negiv. State of Uttar Pradesh\uff09\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u5c42\u53ef\u6c38\u8fdc\u88ab\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u201d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u6743\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u671f\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u5ba1\u67e5\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u7279\u7559\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u5176\u5165\u5b66\u6216\u5165\u804c\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u6700\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ee5\u5165\u5b66\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c1981\u5e74\u5728\u5c3c\u74e6\u8fea\u5854\u00b7\u8d3e\u6069\uff08State of M. P.v. Nivedita Jain\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u5927\u5b66\uff08Bachelor of Medical and Bachelor of Surgery\uff0c\u53c8\u7b80\u79f0MBBS\uff09\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\u5f55\u53d6\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u5dee\u522b\u6027\u5206\u6570\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u8be5\u90a6\u5c06\u666e\u901a\u8003\u751f\u5212\u7ebf\u4e3a50%\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u8003\u751f\u5212\u7ebf\u4e3a40%\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u5212\u7ebf\u4e3a30%\u3002\u4f46\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4e5f\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u90a6\u786e\u5b9a\u666e\u901a\u8003\u751f\u5212\u7ebf\u4e3a45%\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u7279\u7559\u6743\u8003\u751f\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u5212\u7ebf\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5728\u666e\u91cc\u8482\u00b7\u8428\u52a0\u5c14\uff08Dr. Preeti Sagar Srivastva v. Madhya Pradesh\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u6311\u6218\u6b64\u653f\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u80fd\u5dee\u8ddd\u592a\u5927\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u90a6\u6297\u8fa9\u8bf4\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u5927\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u652f\u6301\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u8bfb\u672c\u79d1\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u6700\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u518d\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u8003\u8bd5\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6700\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4f46\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u7ef4\u6301\u57fa\u672c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5728\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ddf\u666e\u901a\u8003\u751f\u5dee\u522b\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u90a6\u5bf9\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5b66\u751f\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u5f55\u53d6\u4e0d\u8bbe\u5e95\u7ebf\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u8fdd\u5baa\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u53ef\u5426\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6301\u5426\u5b9a\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u57282002\u5e74\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba1\u7406\u7684\u6d3e\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08TMA Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u90a6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u79c1\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u53d7\u5230\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c19\uff086\uff09\u6b3e\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u4e13\u4e1a\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u6216\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u4e88\u4ee5\u5408\u7406\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u4ee511\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u9ad8\u89c4\u683c\u5ba1\u5224\u5ead\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u5f0f\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u79c1\u7acb\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u662f\u5baa\u6cd519\uff081\uff09\uff08g\uff09\u9879\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\uff08occupation\uff09\uff0c\u4eab\u53d7\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c19\uff081\uff09\uff09\uff08g\uff09\u548c\u7b2c26\u6761\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c5e\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u975e\u63a5\u53d7\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u589e\u52a0\u7279\u7559\u6743\u9650\u5236\u662f\u8fdd\u5baa\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u7b2c19\uff086\uff09\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u6b64\u540e2003\u5e74\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u6848\uff08Islamic Academy of Education v. State of Karnataka\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e94\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u5ead\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u63a5\u53d7\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u6821\u63a5\u53d7\u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd530\u6761\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u53d7\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u975e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u6392\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u5374\u8868\u8ff0\u4e0d\u591f\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6709\u4e9b\u90a6\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e3a\u201c\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7279\u7559\u6743\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u8bd5\u56fe\u533a\u5206\u53d7\u8d44\u52a9\u548c\u4e0d\u53d7\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u53c8\u5c06\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u533a\u5206\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u548c\u975e\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u7c7b\u548c\u975e\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u7c7b\u7b49\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u662f\u5426\u53d7\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u9650\u5236\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u6447\u6446\u6216\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b66\u754c\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u754c\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u51b3\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u30022005\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u56e0\u90a3\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\uff08P. A. Inamdar v. State of Maharashtra\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e03\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ec4\u6210\u5ba1\u5224\u5ead\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u91cd\u65b0\u7406\u6e05\u601d\u8def\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u5224\u51b3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u79c1\u7acb\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u6ca1\u6709\u63a5\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u548c\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u9884\u7559\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u6d3e\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u53bb\u9664\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u6447\u6446\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u540c\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u6821\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53d7\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u672c\u90a6\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u751f\u4f18\u5148\u5f55\u53d6\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u9002\u5f53\u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u6d3e\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u6848\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5224\u51b3\uff0c2005\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u5927\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c93\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff0c\u5c06\u7b2c15\uff085\uff09\u6b3e\u52a0\u5165\u7b2c15\u6761\uff0c\u5c06\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u975e\u63a5\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5c06\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u6821\u4e88\u4ee5\u6392\u9664\u30022006\u5e74\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u4e2d\u592e\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\uff08\u5165\u5b66\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff09\u300b\u6cd5\u6848[ Central Educational Institutions \uff08Reservation in Admission\uff09 Act]\uff0c\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7ec6\u5316\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">2008\u5e74\u7684\u963f\u8f93\u8fe6\uff08Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India\uff09\u6848\uff0c\u662f\u6311\u62182006\u5e74\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c2005\u5e74\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba1\u7406\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9488\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u843d\u540e\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u6821\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u6392\u9664\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\uff0c\u52192006\u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u548c15\uff085\uff09\u6b3e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u7559\u6743\u662f\u5426\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u5408\u8bae\u5ead\u7684\u591a\u6570\u610f\u89c1\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u3002\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u4ee5\u7b2c16\u6761\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u4e0e\u9650\u5236\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7b2c16\u6761\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u5207\u662f\u516c\u804c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u6548\u7387\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c355\u6761\u4e13\u95e8\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u201d\u5bf9\u62c5\u4efb\u516c\u804c\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u2014\u2014\u5728\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u884c\u653f\u6548\u529b\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u547d\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u4e8b\u52a1\u6216\u5404\u90a6\u4e8b\u52a1\u6709\u5173\u7684\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8003\u8651\u201c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u201d\u6210\u5458\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ef4\u6301\u884c\u653f\u6548\u7387\u662f\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u5728\u516c\u804c\u8058\u7528\u4e0a\u843d\u5b9e\u7279\u7559\u6743\u653f\u7b56\u6240\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u9650\u5236\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u53ca\u4e0e\u7b2c16\uff081\uff09\u6b3e\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u521b\u8bbe\u4e00\u79cd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bbe\u5b9a\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u8ba9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u54ea\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u505a\u51fa\u516c\u804c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5b89\u6392\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0d\u80fd\u635f\u5bb3\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u8fd8\u4ece\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u4e0e16\uff081\uff09\u6b3e\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53bb\u7406\u89e316\uff084\uff09\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u74e6\u8fbe\u5584\uff08T. Devadashan v. Union Government of India\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\u53ea\u662f16\uff081\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5176\u6267\u884c\u4e0d\u80fd\u820d\u672c\u9010\u672b\u3002\u4f46\u5230\u4e861976\u5e74\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\uff08State of Kerala v. N. M. Thomas\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5bf916\uff084\uff09\u4e0e16\uff081\uff09\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a16\uff084\uff09\u4e0d\u662f16\uff081\uff09\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e2e\u52a916\uff081\uff09\u6b3e\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7b2c16\uff081\uff09\u6b3e\u5141\u8bb816\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u8fdb\u884c\u5dee\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u62c9\u62c9\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f4e\u9636\u4f4d\u79d1\u5458\u5347\u804c\u5230\u9ad8\u9636\u4f4d\u79d1\u5458\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4e24\u5e74\u5185\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u79d1\u5458\uff0c\u8be5\u90a6\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bbd\u9650\u5230\u56db\u5e74\u5185\u8003\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4fbf\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u544a\u5176\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u88ab\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u9a73\u56de\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u6848\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5173\u4e8e\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u7684\u65b0\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u51b3\u5bf9\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7279\u7559\u6743\u90fd\u5728\u8d8b\u5411\u5927\u59a5\u534f\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u4ecd\u7136\u575a\u6301\u8d44\u683c\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u652f\u6301\u7406\u7531\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u8be5\u653f\u7b56\u53ea\u662f\u653e\u5bbd\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u671f\u9650\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u964d\u4f4e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u96be\u5ea6\u3002\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9650\u5236\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e2d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u5173\u6ce8\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u57281951\u5e74\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u7ed9\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d312.5%\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u7ed9\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d5%\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u603b\u517117.5%\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1970\u5e74\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5206\u522b\u589e\u52a0\u523015%\u548c7.5%\uff0c\u5171\u8ba122.5%\u3002\u4f46\u5f88\u591a\u90a6\uff0c\u5728\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5f80\u5f80\u5f88\u9ad8\u3002\u4ece\u5df4\u62c9\u5409\uff08M R Balaji v. State of Mysore\uff09\u6848\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5c31\u5bf9\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5728\u6240\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0a\u7ebf\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc750%\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u65b0\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u5fb7\u74e6\u8fbe\u5584\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e74\u5ea6\u7684\u7279\u7559\u804c\u4f4d\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc750%\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e74\u6ca1\u6709\u62db\u6ee1\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u90a6\u5c31\u5c06\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u540d\u989d\u5c31\u81ea\u52a8\u7d2f\u52a0\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\uff08carry forward rule\uff09\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u7d2f\u52a0\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e74\uff0c45\u4e2a\u804c\u4f4d\u4e2d29\u4e2a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7279\u7559\u6743\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u53ea\u670916\u4e2a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u7ade\u4e89\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u8be5\u5e74\u5ea6\u7279\u7559\u6743\u8fbe\u5230\u4e8664%\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u7b56\u8fdd\u5baa\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u8482\uff08Arati Ray Choudhury v. Union of India\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4efd\u989d\u5e94\u8be5\u5206\u522b\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u843d\u540e\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u5784\u65ad\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f24\u5bb3\u5176\u4ed6\u7fa4\u4f53\u6240\u5e94\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4efd\u989d\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8d85\u8fc750%\u7684\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u4e88\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u6848\u4e4b\u540e\u5ba1\u7406\u94c1\u8def\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6848\u4e2d[ Akhil Bhartiya Soshit Karmachari Sangh\uff08Railway\uff09 v. Union of India]\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u4e3a\u7d2f\u52a0\u914d\u989d\u53ef\u8d85\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5f00\u4e86\u7eff\u706f\u30022000\u5e74\u7b2c81\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u589e\u52a016\uff084\uff09\uff08B\uff09\u9879\u6765\u786e\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a50%\u4e0a\u9650\u53ea\u7528\u6765\u9650\u5236\u539f\u59cb\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u56e0\u672a\u62db\u6ee1\u800c\u7d2f\u52a0\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7279\u7559\u6743\u662f\u5426\u9002\u5408\u5347\u804c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e2d\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u5170\u4f3d\u5239\u5229\uff08Rangachari\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u94c1\u8def\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u4e0b\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u77e5\uff0c\u4e3a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u9009\u62d4\u5f0f\u63d0\u5347\u7ed9\u4e88\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u8d77\u4e86\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6311\u6218\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u4e94\u540d\u6cd5\u5b98\u4ee53\u22362\u4ee5\u5fae\u5f31\u4f18\u52bf\u5224\u51b3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u5165\u804c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5347\u804c\uff0c\u4f46\u63d0\u9192\u4e0d\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u7b2c335\u6761\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4f46\u52301992\u5e74\u7684\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5d\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e2d\u6709\u516b\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b98\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u62db\u8058\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5347\u804c\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5141\u8bb8\u5347\u804c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5c06\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u6076\u6027\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e8e1995\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c77\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u589e\u52a0\u7b2c16\uff084\uff09\uff08A\uff09\u6b3e\u6765\u6539\u53d8\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u57281996\u5e74\u7684\u7ef4\u8bfa\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e93\u9a6c\u5c14\u6848\uff08Vinod Kumar v. Union of India\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u4fee\u5baa\u4e0e\u5148\u524d\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5728\u6b64\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u505a\u4e86\u4e2a\u8c03\u548c\uff0c\u201c\u5373\u4f7f16\uff084\uff09\u6b3e\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u5347\u804c\u4fdd\u7559\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ece\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c335\u6761\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5347\u804c\u4e2d\u964d\u4f4e\u5206\u6570\u6216\u964d\u4f4e\u8bc4\u4f30\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c335\u6761\u4e0d\u80fd\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u3002\u201d\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e8e2000\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c82\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff0c\u4e3a\u7b2c335\u6761\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u5347\u804c\uff0c\u90a6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6b64\u5236\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u5206\u6570\u6216\u964d\u4f4e\u8bc4\u4f30\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5c31\u628a\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u7ef4\u8bfa\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e93\u9a6c\u5c14\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u969c\u788d\u6e05\u9664\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">2009\u5e74\u5728\u5df4\u6d1b\u5409\u00b7\u5df4\u8fbe\u74e6\u7279\uff08Andra Pradesh Public Service Commission v. Baloji Badhavath\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u867d\u7136\u8fd8\u5728\u5f3a\u8c03\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4e0d\u80fd\u51cf\u635f\u884c\u653f\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4f46\u6807\u51c6\u5df2\u6709\u6240\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u8be5\u5ba1\u7406\u610f\u89c1\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u867d\u7136\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u804c\u4f4d\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u8981\u6c42\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u4e0d\u518d\u575a\u6301\u540c\u6837\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4f18\u5148\u63d0\u62d4\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u964d\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u5347\u804c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e5f\u5728\u6269\u5c55\u4e2d\u3002\u59822018\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u6770\u5948\u5c14\u00b7\u8f9b\u683c\uff08Jarnail Singh v. Lachhmi Narain Gupta\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\u53c8\u8fc8\u51fa\u4e86\u9650\u5236\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u5c06\u201c\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\u6392\u9664\u89c4\u5219\u201d\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u9002\u7528\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u5347\u804c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5176\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u5982\u5df2\u7ecf\u628a\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u79cd\u59d3\u4e0d\u843d\u540e\u4f46\u7ecf\u6d4e\u843d\u540e\u7684\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5c06\u5c31\u4e1a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u4e5f\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u6269\u5c55\u5c31\u4e1a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6f5c\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ed3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u843d\u5b9e\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u79cd\u59d3\u7559\u6743\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u843d\u5b9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u662f\u201c\u79ef\u6781\u5f00\u62d3\u8005\u201d\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b88\u62a4\u8005\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5374\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u201c\u51b7\u9762\u6291\u5236\u8005\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u9009\u7968\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb70\u591a\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u548c\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u70ed\u60c5\u6269\u5c55\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9002\u7528\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u4ece\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u843d\u5b9e\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u4ece\u516c\u7acb\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u63a5\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u673a\u6784\uff1b\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ece\u5165\u804c\u5230\u5347\u804c\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u7d2f\u52a0\u914d\u989d\u53ef\u7a81\u783450%\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7b49\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u9009\u7968\u653f\u6cbb\u52a9\u63a8\u7279\u7559\u6743\u76f2\u76ee\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u4fbf\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u4e24\u5927\u4e3b\u8981\u9650\u5236\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4e00\u662f\u4e0a\u9650\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5df4\u62c9\u5409\u6848\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5c31\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u5373\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4efd\u989d\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u8fc750%\u3002\u8fd9\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u5728\u82f1\u8fea\u62c9\u6848\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u518d\u6b21\u91cd\u7533\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u201c\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\u6392\u9664\u89c4\u5219\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u90a3\u4e9b\u9010\u6b65\u6539\u5584\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u6392\u9664\u5728\u7279\u7559\u6743\u53d7\u76ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u68b3\u7406\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5728\u6291\u5236\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u65b9\u9762\u4f5c\u7528\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u903b\u8f91\u5145\u6ee1\u53d8\u6570\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e94\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5ba1\u5224\u5ead\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u8df3\u8dc3\u6027\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u539f\u5219\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u6539\u9769\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7206\u70b8\u5f0f\u589e\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u907f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8981\u7ef4\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u8fc1\u5c31\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4e09\u3001\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u8bc4\u4f30\u53ca\u672a\u51b3\u4e89\u8bae1949\u5e7411\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u8d31\u6c11\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u8d77\u8349\u4e3b\u7b14\u5b89\u57f9\u5fb7\u5361\u5c14\u535a\u58eb\uff08B. R. Ambedhkar\uff09\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u524d\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u5411\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u9648\u8ff0\u65f6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba9\u4eba\u6df1\u601d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4ece1950\u5e741\u670826\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u5145\u6ee1\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u662f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u3002\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u7968\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u7968\u6709\u5747\u7b49\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff1b\u4f46\u56e0\u6211\u4eec\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u90fd\u6709\u5747\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5145\u6ee1\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u6301\u7eed\u591a\u4e45\uff1f<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e8e1950\u5e741\u670826\u65e5\u751f\u6548\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b9e\u65bd\u5df2\u8fd170\u5e74\u3002\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e2d\u6700\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u5b9e\u8df5\u5185\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51cf\u5f31\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8fd9\u9879\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u56f4\u7ed5\u5176\u5b9e\u65bd\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u662f\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5b9e\u65bd\u73b0\u72b6\u8bc4\u4f30\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u516c\u804c\u5c31\u4e1a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u5982\u5728A\u7c7b\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff08\u5370\u5ea6\u4ece\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u548c\u8b66\u5bdf\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\uff0c\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u804c\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece1964\u5e74\u76841.6%\u589e\u52a0\u52301984\u5e74\u76847%\uff0c\u52302004\u5e74\u5df2\u7ecf\u589e\u52a0\u523012.2%\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4e5f\u4ece1964\u5e74\u76840.3%\u52301984\u5e74\u76841.7%\uff0c\u518d\u52302004\u5e74\u76847%\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u80fd\u591f\u663e\u793a\u51fa\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5bf9\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u8fdb\u5165\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u5e8f\u5217\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u5bb9\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u82e5\u5bf9\u516c\u804c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e2d\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u6240\u5360\u6bd4\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8d8a\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u6240\u5360\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5728D\u7c7b\u516c\u804c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u5c97\u4f4d\u90fd\u7531\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u6765\u4ece\u4e8b\uff0c\u5982\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6253\u626b\u536b\u751f\u7684\u516c\u804c\u5c97\u4f4d\u90fd\u7531\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u6765\u627f\u62c5\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u3001\u4f4e\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u5c97\u4f4d\u4e5f\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u4ece\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u4e8b\u4f4e\u7aef\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u96c7\u4e3b\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ee51999\u5e74\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b9\u9762\uff0cA\u7c7b\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u4e3a11.29%\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4e3a3.39%\uff1bB\u7c7b\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u4e3a12.68%\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4e3a3.35%\uff1b\u5728C\u7c7b\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u4e3a15.78%\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4e3a6.07%\uff1b\u5728\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u6253\u626b\u536b\u751f\u804c\u4f4d\u7684D\u7c7b\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u4e3a19.99%\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4e3a7%\uff1b\u5305\u62ec\u6253\u626b\u536b\u751f\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u4e3a65.57%\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4e3a5.51%\u30022000\u5e74\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u4f01\u4e1a\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u4e5f\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u5728\u6253\u626b\u536b\u751f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u804c\u4f4d\u4e0a\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u751a\u81f3\u8fbe\u5230\u4e8673.15\uff0c\u5728D\u7c7b\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u6253\u626b\u536b\u751f\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e5f\u8fbe\u523022.51%\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f46\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4ece\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u5728\u5404\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u53d7\u96c7\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0a\u770b\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4ee5\u516c\u7acb\u94f6\u884c\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u57281998\u5e74\u81f32000\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u5728\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece11.8%\uff0c\u4e0a\u5347\u523012.12%\uff0c\u518d\u523012.51%\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u6253\u626b\u536b\u751f\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0a\u5df2\u4ece52.55%\uff0c\u964d\u523052.18\uff0c\u518d\u523050.97%\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u5728\u516c\u804c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u4e5f\u5728\u5f80\u79ef\u6781\u65b9\u5411\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u59822004\u5e74\uff0c\u53ea\u67094%\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u5728A\u7c7b\u516c\u804c\u4e2d\uff0c\u52302005\u5e74\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0a\u5347\u52306.3%\u3002\u4ece\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u804c\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7279\u522b\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5982\u6839\u636e\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c1994\u5e74\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7c7b\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u76841155\u4f4d\u6559\u6388\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4f4d\u662f\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\uff0c\u5360\u603b\u6570\u76840.2%\uff1b\u800c\u57281774\u540d\u526f\u6559\u6388\u4e2d\u53ea\u67096\u540d\u6765\u81ea\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c31\u66f4\u5dee\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u52302001\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u518d\u6b21\u53d1\u5e03\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5c31\u5370\u5ea6\u5927\u5b66\u8d44\u52a9\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u7684256\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u548c11000\u5b66\u9662\u4e2d\u768434.2\u4e07\u6559\u804c\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6765\u81ea\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u6559\u804c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5360\u5230\u603b\u6570\u76842%\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8fd8\u4f9d\u7136\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u80fd\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u9662\u548c\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ece1952\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u7ef4\u6301\u5728\u7279\u7559\u914d\u989d\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u59822012\u5e74\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u5360\u523015%\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u5360\u52308.2%\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ade\u4e89\u666e\u901a\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f4660\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u5c11\u8d85\u8d8a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u914d\u989d\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u5374\u9010\u5e74\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u59821984\u5e74\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u4e2d\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u53ea\u670911%\uff0c\u52301996\u5e74\u5df2\u7ecf\u5360\u523025%\u3002\u8bf4\u660e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u9009\u80fd\u529b\u6bd4\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u547c\u5401\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5c06\u9009\u4e3e\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u57fa\u5c42\u672a\u88ab\u91c7\u7eb3\u7684\u5173\u952e\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ece\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u5b66\u60c5\u51b5\u770b\uff0c\u5bf9\u6bd41966\u5e74\u81f31967\u5e74\u548c2004\u5e74\u81f32005\u5e74\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8fd8\u4f4e\u4e8e\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u914d\u989d\uff0c\u4f46\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5de5\u7a0b\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u533b\u836f\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u5b66\u4f4d\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5165\u5b66\u7387\u5df2\u7ecf\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u57282004\u5e74\u81f32005\u5e74\uff0c20\u81f330\u5c81\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u5360\u5230\u6240\u6709\u540c\u5e74\u9f84\u6bb5\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u768426%\uff1b\u52302012\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u5360\u5230\u5728\u6821\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u768428%\u3002\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u5bb6\u62bd\u6837\u8c03\u67e52004\u5e74\u81f32005\u5e74\uff08National Sample Survey, NSS\uff09\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c20\u81f324\u5c81\u5e74\u9f84\u6bb5\u7684\u519c\u6751\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u7537\u6027\u548c\u5973\u6027\u8fdb\u5165\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u5c31\u8bfb\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5206\u522b\u662f9.7%\u548c3.5%\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e74\u9f84\u6bb5\u7684\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u662f8.6%\u548c5.2%\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u5219\u662f11%\u548c4.1%\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u519c\u6751\u7537\u6027\u548c\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5219\u5206\u522b\u662f14.9%\u548c6%\u3002\u540c\u6837\u6839\u636e2004\u5e74\u81f32005\u5e74\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u62bd\u6837\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c21\u81f330\u5c81\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u91cc\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e3a3.3%\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u4e3a6.5%\uff0c\u800c\u666e\u901a\u7684\u975e\u843d\u540e\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5219\u4e3a18.6%\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u53e6\u6839\u636e2004\u5e74\u81f32005\u5e74\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u6559\u80b2\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\uff08Selected Educational Statistics, SES\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u53ea\u5360\u52307%\uff0c\u6bd4\u7279\u7559\u6bd4\u4f8b15%\u4f4e\u4e00\u534a\u591a\uff1b\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u5360\u52305%\uff0c\u6bd4\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6bd4\u4f8b7%\u7565\u4f4e\u3002\u8fd9\u663e\u793a\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u5728\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u975e\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u5728\u519c\u6751\u5973\u6027\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u6bd4\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u8981\u843d\u540e\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u770b\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u5f02\u30022004\u5e74\u81f32005\u5e74\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u62bd\u6837\u8c03\u67e5\u8fd8\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u8d2b\u56f0\u7387\u4e0a\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u8d2b\u56f0\u7387\u662f36.4%\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u662f25.1%\uff0c\u975e\u843d\u540e\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u8d2b\u56f0\u7387\u4e3a8.3%\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u519c\u6751\u8d2b\u56f0\u7387\u4e0a\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4e3a34.8%\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u4e3a19.5%\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u843d\u540e\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u9636\u5c42\u5219\u4e3a9%\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u7ec4\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u8d2b\u56f0\u7387\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5728\u519c\u6751\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u90fd\u8fd8\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u3002\u5728\u519c\u6751\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u6700\u5dee\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u5df2\u7565\u597d\u4e8e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8ba9\u663e\u6027\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u53d8\u5f97\u5f31\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u9690\u6027\u6b67\u89c6\u5374\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u30022014\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5e94\u7528\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08National Council of Applied Economic Research, NCAER\uff09\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a6c\u91cc\u5170\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Maryland, USA\uff09\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea642000\u6237\u5bb6\u5ead\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u7814\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u6307\u6570\u8c03\u7814\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8c03\u7814\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4ecd\u67091\/4\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u63a5\u89e6\u4f4e\u79cd\u59d3\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4f4e\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\u8fdb\u5165\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53a8\u623f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u996e\u98df\u7528\u5177\u7b49\u3002\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u62db\u8058\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u7b80\u5386\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7ed9\u4e88\u4f4e\u79cd\u59d3\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u6982\u7387\u8981\u6bd4\u9ad8\u79cd\u59d3\u4f4e\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u7d22\u83b1\u7279\uff08Sukhadeo Thorat\uff09\u548c\u5b89\u7279\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Paul Attewell\uff09\u7528\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u7f51\u4e0a\u6295\u7b80\u5386\u88ab\u7ea6\u9762\u8bd5\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u520a\u767b\u4e8e2005\u5e74\u81f32006\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0a\u7684\u62db\u8058\u5e7f\u544a\u53bb\u6295\u7b80\u5386\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u6bcf\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5236\u4f5c\u4e86\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7b80\u5386\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6539\u4e00\u4e0b\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u9ad8\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u8d31\u6c11\u6216\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u53bb\u53d1\u7ed9\u9700\u8981\u62db\u8058\u7684\u672c\u5730\u6216\u8de8\u56fd\u79c1\u7acb\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d31\u6c11\u6295\u5b8c\u7b80\u5386\u540e\u88ab\u7ea6\u9762\u8bd5\u7684\u6982\u7387\u53ea\u4e3a\u9ad8\u79cd\u59d3\u768467%\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u88ab\u7ea6\u9762\u8bd5\u7684\u6982\u7387\u53ea\u4e3a\u9ad8\u79cd\u59d3\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u768433%\u3002\u897f\u8fea\u514b\uff08Zahra Siddique\uff09\u4e5f\u5728\u5357\u5370\u5ea6\u57ce\u5e02\u91d1\u5948\u7684\u62db\u8058\u5e7f\u544a\u4e0a\u505a\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e5f\u662f\u6295\u5b8c\u7b80\u5386\u540e\uff0c\u9ad8\u79cd\u59d3\u6bd4\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\u88ab\u7ea6\u9762\u8bd5\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9ad820%\u3002\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u8ba9\u6b67\u89c6\u53d8\u5f97\u5bcc\u6709\u4f24\u5bb3\u6027\u6216\u62a5\u590d\u6027\u3002\u5982\u5370\u5ea6\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\u535a\u58eb\u6216\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u81ea\u6740\u7387\u6bd4\u8f83\u9ad8\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u6700\u8fd1\u8fd9\u5341\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u81ea\u6740\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65f6\u6709\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f80\u5f80\u5373\u662f\u79cd\u59d3\u653f\u6cbb\u6821\u56ed\u5316\u7684\u6076\u679c\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u81ea\u6740\u672c\u8eab\u53c8\u5f80\u5f80\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u79cd\u59d3\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u5c16\u9510\u5316\u7684\u5bfc\u706b\u7d22\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\u7684\u8c0b\u6740\u548c\u5f3a\u5978\u6848\u4ef6\u4e5f\u6709\u589e\u957f\u52bf\u5934\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ece1979\u5e74\u52301999\u5e74\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u7c7b\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece818\u4ef6\u589e\u52a0\u52301506\u4ef6\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u9a9a\u4e71\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5c31\u4eb2\u81ea\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u54c8\u91cc\u4e9a\u7eb3\u90a6\u8d3e\u7279\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e89\u53d6\u7279\u7559\u6743\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u9a9a\u4e71\u30022016\u5e742\u6708\u4efd\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u8d3e\u7279\u4eba\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u9a9a\u4e71\uff0c\u9020\u621030\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c200\u591a\u4eba\u53d7\u4f24\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u635f\u5931\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u6240\u5728\u8fbe30\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u54c8\u90a6\u76848\u4e2a\u533a\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u635f\u4f24\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u5c31\u5728\u9a9a\u4e71\u91cd\u707e\u533a\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u7d22\u5c3c\u5e15\u7279\u5e02\uff0c\u8be5\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u505c\u8bfe\u7ea6\u4e00\u5468\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e97\u94fa\u88ab\u70e7\u6bc1\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u5e03\u5bb5\u7981\uff0c\u5e76\u6388\u6743\u8b66\u5bdf\u76f4\u63a5\u5f00\u67aa\u3002\u4e25\u91cd\u65f6\uff0c\u8def\u9762\u4ea4\u901a\u5168\u90e8\u963b\u65ad\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u98de\u673a\u7a7a\u8fd0\u519b\u8b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7b14\u8005\u6240\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u76f4\u5347\u673a\u505c\u673a\u576a\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u7528\u4f5c\u519b\u8b66\u7a7a\u964d\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u519b\u8b66\u7559\u5728\u6821\u56ed\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e08\u751f\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u4eba\u751f\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4eb2\u8eab\u7ecf\u5386\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u7684\u9a9a\u4e71\uff0c\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6559\u804c\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u5bb6\u91cc\u98df\u7269\u50a8\u5907\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u53bb\u5b66\u6821\u98df\u5802\u7528\u9910\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u6211\u4e0e\u5f88\u591a\u5370\u5ea6\u540c\u4e8b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u624d\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3a\u4e89\u53d6\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u9a9a\u4e71\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u53d1\u751f\u4e0d\u662f\u7f55\u89c1\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u96be\u602a\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u90fd\u76f8\u5bf9\u6de1\u5b9a\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5b66\u6821\u98df\u5802\u7684\u50a8\u5907\u4e5f\u8fd1\u4e4e\u7528\u5c3d\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u53ea\u80fd\u5403\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u98df\u7269\u5145\u9965\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u540c\u4e8b\u624d\u53d8\u5f97\u7a0d\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u653f\u5e9c\u8ddf\u8d3e\u7279\u4eba\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u8857\u9762\u7acb\u523b\u6062\u590d\u592a\u5e73\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u4eba\u611f\u53f9\u653f\u6cbb\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u795e\u5947\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5370\u5ea6\u540c\u4e8b\u5bf9\u54c8\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u8d3e\u7279\u4eba\u8ba9\u6b65\u611f\u5230\u5931\u671b\u3002\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5206\u6790\u770b\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u79ef\u6781\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u6253\u7834\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u5c06\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7eb3\u5165\u4e3b\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u660e\u663e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u79cd\u59d3\u6b67\u89c6\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u636e\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c60\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ed1\u4eba\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u8d31\u6c11\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u6539\u5584\u975e\u5e38\u5fae\u5f31\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u79cd\u59d3\u6b67\u89c6\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u663e\u6027\u6b67\u89c6\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u9690\u6027\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u4ecd\u7136\u9762\u4e34\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u4e89\u8bba\u53ca\u5b66\u754c\u4f7f\u547d\u6b63\u5982\u524d\u6587\u53cd\u590d\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u6267\u884c\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u9971\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0a\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u62c9\u952f\u4e5f\u53ef\u7565\u89c1\u4e00\u6591\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u5c31\u5f88\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u56fd\u60c5\u8ba9\u4e5f\u8ba9\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e89\u8bae\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u7279\u8272\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7279\u7559\u6743\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7279\u7559\u6743\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff08justification\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u662f\u4fa7\u91cd\u7ea0\u6b63\u5386\u53f2\u9519\u8bef\uff08Backward looking\uff09\u8fd8\u662f\u7740\u773c\u672a\u6765\u6539\u5584\uff08forward looking\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5e73\u8861\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff08representation\uff09\u4e0e\u6548\u7387\uff08efficiency\uff09\u3001\u80fd\u529b\uff08merit\uff09\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u8d28\u7591\u5176\u4ee5\u5f3a\u8c03\u79cd\u59d3\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53bb\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63a8\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6bd4\u5982\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u52aa\u529b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u673a\u5236\u4e0a\u6d88\u706d\u9636\u5c42\u5265\u524a\u548c\u79cd\u59d3\u538b\u8feb\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u7248\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8ba9\u79cd\u59d3\u538b\u8feb\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u9690\u853d\u800c\u5df2\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u79cd\u59d3\u653f\u6cbb\u53ea\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u83b7\u5f97\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u53cd\u9a73\u610f\u89c1\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u5982\u5370\u5ea6\u524d\u603b\u7406\u8f9b\u683c\u5c31\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u4e8e\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f25\u8865\uff0c\u5bf9\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u51fa\u8eab\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8ba4\u53ef\u79cd\u59d3\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u3002\u201d\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u8499\uff08Blackmun\uff09\u5728\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u8bc9\u5df4\u57fa\u6848\uff08Regents of the Univ.of Cal.v. Bakke\uff09\u7684\u652f\u6301\u6027\u610f\u89c1\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u201c\u4e3a\u8131\u79bb\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u5c06\u79cd\u65cf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e8b\u9879\u8003\u8651\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u529e\u6cd5\u3002\u201d\u4e5f\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u79cd\u59d3\u9694\u9602\u85e9\u7bf1\uff0c\u662f\u7279\u7559\u6743\u8ba9\u4f4e\u79cd\u59d3\u8fdb\u5165\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u8fdb\u5165\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e26\u5165\u4e86\u4e3b\u6d41\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u9ad8\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6709\u7740\u79cd\u59d3\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u56fd \u5bb6\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u7684\u8d31\u6c11\u5728\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u6bd4\u5370\u5ea6\u8981\u5dee\u3002\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u5f53\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u547d\u9898\u3002\u50cf\u5370\u5ea6\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u57fa\u7840\u907f\u514d\u5b83\u91c7\u7eb3\u66b4\u529b\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u6253\u4e71\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u5269\u4f59\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u5baa\u6cbb\u3002\u5728\u5baa\u6cbb\u65b9\u5f0f\u91cc\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u53ea\u6709\u7279\u7559\u6743\u6700\u4e3a\u6709\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ece\u5b9e\u8df5\u6548\u679c\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u73b0\u72b6\u8fd8\u4e0d\u591f\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u53d8\u5316\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f83\u7f13\u6162\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8d8b\u52bf\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u6240\u5728\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u6211\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5177\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u9887\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u4e00\u662f\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u4fa7\u91cd\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u53bb\uff08backward looking\uff09\u8fd8\u662f\u9762\u5411\u672a\u6765\uff08forward looking\uff09\u3002\u82e5\u9762\u5411\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u6765\u8865\u507f\u67d0\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u516c\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6b64\u4e00\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4ee5\u6253\u7834\u8d2b\u56f0\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u53d1\u5c55\u843d\u540e\u7684\u6076\u6027\u5faa\u73af\u3002\u82e5\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u8be5\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u4fbf\u662f\u7ea0\u6b63\u5386\u53f2\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4ee5\u60e9\u7f5a\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u4ee5\u8865\u507f\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u672a\u6765\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u7ea0\u6b63\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u516c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5370\u5ea6\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5404\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u8005\u4eec\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u957f\u671f\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u9636\u5c42\u63d0\u4f9b\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u903b\u8f91\u4f3c\u4e4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u843d\u540e\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u5976\u6cb9\u5939\u5c42\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u88ab\u6392\u9664\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u7ed9\u4e88\u9ad8\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u4ee5\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002\u5982\u82e5\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u60e9\u7f5a\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u538b\u8feb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u843d\u540e\u79cd\u59d3\u5373\u4f7f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4e0d\u843d\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff1b\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u9ad8\u79cd\u59d3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u5c31\u66f4\u6ca1\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d28\u7591\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u201c\u9762\u5411\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4f46\u5230\u5e95\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u66f4\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u5f53\u521d\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u76f8\u8c03\u548c\uff0c\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u5b66\u754c\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u547d\u9898\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u5e73\u8861\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u548c\u6548\u7387\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e89\u8bae\u9887\u591a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u5bf9\u884c\u653f\u6548\u7387\u6216\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u9762\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u591a\u9879\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u90fd\u53cd\u590d\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5e94\u5f53\u6709\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u884c\u653f\u6548\u7387\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5bf9\u6548\u7387\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5141\u8bb8\u4fdd\u7559\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6709\u6b63\u5411\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f46\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u6709\u754c\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5206\u6570\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5206\u6570\u771f\u7684\u80fd\u8861\u91cf\u80fd\u529b\u5417\uff1f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u73af\u5883\u624d\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u6216\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u52a0\u5165\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u548c\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8fd8\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u4eba\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u57281980\u5e74\u81f32002\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u5c31\u706b\u8f66\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\u7387\uff0c\u4e0e\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u5728A\u7c7b\u548cB\u7c7b\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u52b3\u5de5\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u52b3\u5de5\u5206\u914d\u7684\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\uff0c\u963b\u788d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u624d\u66f4\u6709\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u867d\u7136\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5df2\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5927\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e2a\u4e9f\u5f85\u7834\u89e3\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002\u5b66\u754c\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e89\u8bba\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5f15\u5bfc\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u7279\u7559\u6743\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u7406\u6027\u88c1\u5224\u63d0\u4f9b\u67d0\u4e9b\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin:1.8em 0 .75em;padding-left:12px;border-left:4px solid #2f5d9f;font-size:1.18em;line-height:1.55;font-weight:700;color:#14213d;\">\u56db\u3001\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u601d\u8003\u5370\u5ea6\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ca\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4e3a<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cbb\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u6709\u5229\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u70b9\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5728\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u65f6\uff0c\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u5bf9\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f88\u6e05\u6670\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u81f4\u540c\u610f\u5f15\u5165\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u5230\u7684\u53d7\u76ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u6216\u8fbe\u5229\u7279\u4eba\u3002\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u8865\u507f\u6765\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u628a\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u4e5f\u7eb3\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u624d\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u771f\u6b63\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u77eb\u6789\u8fc7\u6b63\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8ba9\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5bf9\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u8981\u6539\u5584\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fc7\u7740\u539f\u59cb\u751f\u6d3b\u6216\u6e38\u7267\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u8d44\u6e90\u90fd\u8f83\u5f31\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u878d\u5165\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8981\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u516c\u804c\u3001\u57fa\u5c42\u6cbb\u7406\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5982\u5efa\u575d\u3001\u4fee\u8def\u3001\u4f10\u6728\u7b49\uff0c\u6253\u6270\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6216\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u8feb\u5207\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u662f\u4fdd\u7559\u5176\u539f\u751f\u6001\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u8fd9\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u3002\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4eec\u5f53\u521d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u771f\u533a\u5206\u8868\u5217\u79cd\u59d3\u548c\u8868\u5217\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528\u4e00\u5200\u5207\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u9690\u60a3\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u6269\u5c55\u4e5f\u8ba9\u4eba\u770b\u5230\u79cd\u59d3\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7b2c15\uff083\uff09\u6b3e\u5728\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\u5c31\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8981\u7ed9\u4e88\u5973\u6027\u7279\u7559\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u957f\u671f\u906d\u5230\u6401\u7f6e\uff0c\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u624d\u7565\u6709\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u843d\u540e\u4e8e\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u6027\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u81f3\u4eca\u672a\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u786e\u8ba4\u3002\u53cd\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f53\u521d\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u65f6\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7b49\uff0c\u5374\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u754c\u9650\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u201c\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u201d\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u754c\u9650\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5973\u6027\u5374\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\uff1f<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6709\u4e9b\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u9996\u5148\u662f\u79cd\u59d3\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u522b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e5f\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u79cd\u59d3\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u5b66\u672f\u6587\u7ae0\u5e94\u8be5\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u70b9\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ece\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u8bae\u4f1a\uff09\u7684\u8f83\u91cf\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u5f3a\u52bf\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b88\u62a4\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u5177\u6709\u7ec8\u5c40\u6027\u3002\u5728\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u7528\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6\u51c6\u5219\u201d\uff08basic structure doctrine\uff09\u6765\u5236\u7ea6\u8bae\u4f1a\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6cbf\u5faa\u7740\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8981\u626e\u6f14\u201c\u80cc\u9505\u4fa0\u201d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6bd4\u59822019\u5e74\u5927\u9009\u524d\uff0c\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u4fee\u6539\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u843d\u540e\u9636\u5c42\u7eb3\u5165\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u83ab\u8fea\u653f\u5e9c\u660e\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3e\u63aa\u8fdd\u53cd\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u8bbe\u5b9a\u768450%\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3e\u63aa\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fdd\u969c\u9009\u7968\u5f88\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u5408\u9002\u5219\u4ea4\u7531\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6765\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6700\u9ad8\u9662\u4e3a\u6b64\u80cc\u4e66\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u7686\u5927\u6b22\u559c\u3002\u4f46\u7ed3\u5c40\u82e5\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6c11\u4f17\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u800c\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8981\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e89\u53d6\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u63d0\u4f9b\u201c\u80cc\u9505\u201d\u670d\u52a1\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u505a\u51fa\u88c1\u51b3\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7740\u590d\u6742\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5229\u76ca\u8003\u91cf\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eec\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u53cd\u5bf9\u800c\u975e\u5b9e\u9645\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5baa\u6cbb\u5f3a\u5316\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u5a01\u81f3\u5c11\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7cbe\u82f1\u4fdd\u6301\u9738\u6743\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u6548\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb\uff1a\u5f20\u6587\u5a1f\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u91d1\u5fb7\u5c14\u5168\u7403\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u526f\u6559\u6388<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u8f7d\u81ea\u201c\u6e05\u534e\u6cd5\u5b66\u201d\u516c\u4f17\u53f72020\u5e7412\u67085\u65e5\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u539f\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u5f20\u6587\u5a1f\uff1a\u5370\u5ea6\u79cd\u59d3\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ca\u8fd0\u884c\u6311\u6218\u300b\u672c\u671f\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u4fde\u6b23\u6021 \u9648\u73cf\u53ef<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5370\u5ea6\u7279\u7559\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ca\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cbb\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u6709\u5229\u89c6\u89d2\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-4547","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-12","tag-13"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4547","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4547"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4547\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4547"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4547"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4547"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}