{"id":4497,"date":"2024-10-17T23:55:21","date_gmt":"2024-10-17T15:55:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/?p=4497"},"modified":"2024-10-17T23:55:21","modified_gmt":"2024-10-17T15:55:21","slug":"%e6%b7%b1%e5%ba%a6-%e9%ad%8f%e6%b6%b5%ef%bc%9a%e6%80%80%e6%8f%a3%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83%e9%87%8e%e5%bf%83%ef%bc%8c%e5%8d%b0%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e5%b8%83%e5%b1%80%e5%8c%ba%e5%9f%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nyyjtx.cn\/?p=4497","title":{"rendered":"\u6df1\u5ea6 | \u9b4f\u6db5\uff1a\u6000\u63e3\u201c\u5168\u7403\u91ce\u5fc3\u201d\uff0c\u5370\u5982\u4f55\u5e03\u5c40\u533a\u57df\u56fd\u522b\u7814\u7a76\u7f51\u7edc\uff1f\u5176\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"nyyjtx-imported-article\" style=\"max-width:760px;margin:0 auto;color:#1f2933;font-size:17px;line-height:1.95;letter-spacing:0;\">\n<div class=\"wechat-article-meta\" style=\"margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;border-left:4px solid 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studies\uff09\u5b66\u79d1\u968f\u7740\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u529b\u589e\u957f\u53d7\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u76ee\u6807\u4ece\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u826f\u597d\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u5927\u56fd\u68a6\u60f3\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u5d1b\u8d77\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6218\u7565\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u90bb\u56fd\u4f18\u5148\u3001\u591a\u5411\u8054\u76df\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u5916\u4ea4\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9762\uff0c\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u667a\u529b\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u671f\u520a\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08International Studies\uff09\u66fe\u4e8e2009\u5e74\u8fde\u7eed\u7528\u4e24\u671f\u4e13\u520a\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u752812\u7bc7\u4e13\u9898\u8bba\u6587\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u73b0\u72b6\u548c\u672a\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1800\u5e74\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u5821\u5b66\u9662\uff08Fort William College\uff09\u5728\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u804c\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u8bed\u8a00\u57f9\u8bad\uff1b1808\u5e74\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u9a6c\u5fb7\u62c9\u65af\uff08\u5373\u4eca\u5370\u5ea6\u91d1\u5948\uff09\u7684\u5723\u4e54\u6cbb\u5821\u5b66\u9662\uff08College of Fort St. George\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5883\u5185\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u6240\u9f13\u52b1\u7684\u68b5\u8bed\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u3001\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u8bed\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u7b49\u8bed\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0a\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u4ee5\u8bed\u8a00\u4e3a\u5212\u5206\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1947\u5e74\uff0c\u9009\u4fee\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u5e94\u8bd5\u5b66\u751f\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4ea4\u6709\u5173\u6ce2\u65af\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u53f2\u6216\u8bed\u6587\u5b66\u8bdd\u9898\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6f5c\u79fb\u9ed8\u5316\u5730\u52a0\u6df1\u5bf9\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u8a00\u533a\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 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N. Sapru\uff09\u7ec4\u5efa\u5370\u5ea6\u4e16\u754c\u4e8b\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08Indian Council of World Affairs\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u63d0\u4f9b\u201c\u6709\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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House\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bba\u8c03\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6000\u63e3\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u7387\u5148\u4e8e1955\u5e74\u5728\u5fb7\u91cc\u5927\u5b66\u8bbe\u7acb\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u7cfb\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u4e16\u754c\u4e8b\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5728\u5fb7\u91cc\u5927\u5b66\u53c8\u63a8\u52a8\u6210\u7acb\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u9662\uff08Indian School of International Studies\uff09\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u9662\u4e8e1961\u5e74\u4ece\u5fb7\u91cc\u5927\u5b66\u72ec\u7acb\u6210\u4e3a\u51c6\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7684\u6388\u4e88\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u56ca\u62ec\u6b27\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7814\u7a76\u7b49\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u522b\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u76f8\u7ee7\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u65b0\u5fb7\u91cc\u8bbe\u6709\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6d77\u5f97\u62c9\u5df4\u62e5\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5fb7\u91cc\u5927\u5b66\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u770b\uff0c1963\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u8d44\u52a9\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08University Grants Commission\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u7531B.\u5e0c\u74e6\u00b7\u62c9\u5965\uff08B. Shiva Rao\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u201c\u5730\u533a\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u5185\u8bbe\u7acb\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u30021966\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u8d44\u52a9\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4efb\u9053\u62c9\u7279\u00b7\u8f9b\u683c\u00b7\u79d1\u5854\u91cc\uff08Daulat Singh Kothari\uff09\u7ec4\u5efa\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u8017\u65f6\u4e24\u5e74\u62df\u5b9a\u7684\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u73b0\u72b6\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u505a\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u80b2\u53f2\u4e0a\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u6298\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u4e13\u95e8\u63d0\u5230\u8981\u5b8c\u5584\u5370\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5730\u533a\u8986\u76d6\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5883\u5185\u5927\u5b66\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5730\u5efa\u8bbe\u53d7\u4e2d\u592e\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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Studies\uff09\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u9662\u65e9\u671f\u4e0b\u8bbe\u4e94\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u6b27\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u82cf\u8054\u4e0e\u4e1c\u6b27\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5357\u4e9a\u3001\u4e2d\u4e9a\u3001\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u548c\u897f\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u4e9a\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u51e0\u7ecf\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u6f14\u53d8\u6210\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u516d\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5373\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u5185\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u2014\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6559\u804c\u5de5\u4eba\u6570\u5df2\u8d85100\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u5927\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u3002\u9664\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u5916\uff0c\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\u7684\u8d3e\u8fbe\u666e\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\uff08Jadavpur University\uff09\u548c\u6cf0\u7c73\u5c14\u7eb3\u5fb7\u90a6\u7684\u672c\u5730\u6cbb\u91cc\u5927\u5b66\uff08Pondicherry University\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u9547\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u73b0\u670935\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u8f6c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d9\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u63a5\u53d7\u5927\u5b66\u8d44\u52a9\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u3002\u9664\u9ad8\u6821\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e5f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u5e94\u8fd0\u800c\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u667a\u5e93\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u96641943\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u4e8b\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u56fd\u9632\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08India Foundation\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5e03\u9c81\u91d1\u65af\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08Brookings India\uff09\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff08Carnegie Indian\uff09\u7b49\u4e5f\u6784\u6210\u5370\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4e16\u754c\u4e8b\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u5b63\u520a\u300b\uff08Indian Quarterly\uff09\u3001\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5468\u671f\u6027\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u62e5\u6709\u89c4\u8303\u53d1\u8868\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u520a\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e5f\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u4f1a\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u4f1a\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e21\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u9010\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u6d41\u6d3e\u3002\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u201c\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u6d3e\u201d\uff08Nehruvian school\uff09\u3001\u201c\u7518\u5730\u6d3e\u201d\uff08Gandhian school\uff09\u3001\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6d3e\u201d \uff08Hindutva school\uff09\u548c\u201c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6d3e\u201d\uff08Neo-Liberal school\uff09\u8fd9\u56db\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u4f20\u7edf\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u652f\uff0c\u5927\u4f53\u9075\u4ece\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d41\u6d3e\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u6709\u5176\u5b66\u79d1\u7279\u8272\u3002\u201c\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u5b66\u6d3e\u201d\u66f4\u52a0\u5173\u6ce8\u533a\u57df\u8054\u5408\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5d1b\u8d77\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u65b0\u5174\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u56e2\u7ed3\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4ee3\u8868\u4e3a\u5357\u4e9a\u8054\u76df\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u91d1\u7816\u56fd\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5168\u7403\u5357\u65b9\u7814\u7a76\u7b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5b66\u79d1\u672c\u571f\u5316\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4ece\u5730\u56fe\u7ed8\u5236\u8def\u5f84\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u524d\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u672c\u571f\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u7ed8\u5236\uff0c\u5982\u83ab\u5367\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6d4b\u91cf\u8ddd\u79bb\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u9886\u571f\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u672c\u571f\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u658b\u666e\u5c14\u535a\u7269\u9986\u66fe\u51fa\u73b0\u4e24\u5f2017\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u4f46\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5730\u7406\u89c2\u5ff5\u53ca\u77e5\u8bc6\u57fa\u672c\u4f9d\u9760\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5efa\u6784\u3002\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u4f26\u5185\u5c14\uff08James Rennell\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u5730\u63a2\u8bbf\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u51fa\u300a\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b\uff081780\u20141781\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u65af\u5766\u5730\u56fe\u300b\uff081782\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u6210\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u5370\u5ea6\u5730\u56fe\u7684\u5173\u952e\u53c2\u8003\uff1b\u82f1\u56fd\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5361\u5c14\uff08Thomas Carl\uff09\u5728\u4f26\u5185\u5c14\u6210\u679c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u57281798\u5e74\u7ed8\u5236\u51fa\u4e86\u5b8f\u5927\u7684\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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Watts\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u8981\u501f\u52a9\u5730\u7403\u4eea\u548c\u5730\u56fe\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u4e66\u4e2d\u53c8\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u800c\u540e\u671f\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5219\u66f4\u52a0\u6ce8\u91cd\u5730\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u6027\u683c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u5bb6\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5e03\u6d1b\u8d6b\u66fc\uff08Heinrich Blochmann\uff09\u5728\u51761870\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5730\u7406\u6559\u6750\u300a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c06\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5f62\u5bb9\u4e3a\u201c\u806a\u660e\u3001\u6d3b\u8dc3\u548c\u597d\u6218\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u5f62\u5bb9\u4e3a\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u628a\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u7c97\u9c81\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u201d\u201c\u5149\u7740\u8eab\u5b50\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c2\u8015\u79cd\u201d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7 \u6208\u767b\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\uff08John Goldsmith\uff09\u7684\u300a\u666e\u901a\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u4e5f\u6709\u5c06\u79cd\u65cf\u6027\u683c\u4e0e\u5730\u7406\u533a\u4f4d\u6302\u94a9\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u5728\u533a\u57df\u610f\u8bc6\u5851\u9020\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u9886\u571f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u9738\u6743\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u9762\u4e5f\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u53cd\u566c\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8be5\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u672c\u5c3c\u8fea\u514b\u7279\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08Benedict Anderson\uff09\u5728\u300a\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u30022.\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b96\u6c11\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u533a\u57df\u610f\u8bc6\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u7406\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u5728\u5176\u6b96\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u6574\u4f53\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7406\u548c\u533a\u57df\u610f\u8bc6\u5851\u9020\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u540c\u533a\u57df\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u6027\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u9738\u4e3b\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u4f53\u4f1a\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7406\u6559\u80b2\u5f3a\u8c03\u5370\u5ea6\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5206\u79bb\u6027\u3002\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u5b97\u6559\u8bad\u5bfc\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u5df2\u7ecf\u5931\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<p 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Khanda\u201d\uff08\u5370\u5ea6\u6b21\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u4e66\u9762\u7528\u8bed\uff09\u7b49\u4f20\u7edf\u9886\u571f\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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Cornwell\uff09\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u5b66\u6821\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u52301881\u5e74\u5df2\u518d\u7248\u8fd170\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u90fd\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u7406\u53ca\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u5e7f\u4e3a\u63a5\u7eb3\u7684\u8303\u672c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u672c\u571f\u4f5c\u8005\u4e66\u672c\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u672c\u571f\u77e5\u8bc6\u521b\u9020\u8005\u590d\u5236\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u963f\u514b\u590f\u00b7\u5e93\u9a6c\u5c14\u00b7\u8fbe\u5854\uff08Akshay Kumar Dutta\uff09\u66fe\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u6388\u5730\u7406\u548c\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1853\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u8bed\u7684\u5730\u7406\u6559\u6750\u5373\u300a\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff08Bhugol\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7efc\u5408\u4e86\u672c\u571f\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u5730\u7406\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u8bed\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5730\u7406\u672f\u8bed\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u8fd8\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u6750\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u64b0\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u53c2\u8003\u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u76ae\u5c14\u65af\uff08William H. Pearce\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5730\u7406\u6545\u4e8b\u300b\uff08Bhugol Brittanta\uff09\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\uff08Walter Hamilton\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u8f9e\u5178\u300b\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u514b\u91cc\u592b\u7279\uff08William Clift\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5176\u4ed6\u672c\u571f\u5b66\u8005\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u5730\u7406\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5c\u5bb6\u79d1\u7279\u7f57\u83ab\u6c57\u00b7\u8fbe\u5854\uff08Khetromohan Dutt\uff09\u7684\u300a\u666e\u901a\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff08\u300aGeneral Geography\u300b\uff0c1841\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u62c9\u771f\u5fb7\u62c9\u62c9\u5c14\u00b7\u7c73\u7279\u62c9\uff08Rajendralal Mitra\uff09\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff08Prakrita Bhugol\uff0c1854\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u590d\u5236\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u6750\u6587\u672c\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u5370\u5ea6\u65e2\u662f\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u75f4\u8ff7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u63a8\u5e7f\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u573a\u6240\u3002\u5728\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u9762\u7eb1\u88ab\u4e0d\u65ad\u63ed\u5f00\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u6240\u63a8\u5d07\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8def\u5f84\u4e5f\u5728\u5357\u4e9a\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u4f20\u64ad\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6b96\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u8def\u5f84\u7b49\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u63a5\u7eb3\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u4ea7\u51fa\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5f53\u65f6\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5de5\u5177\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u573a\u57df\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u672c\u571f\u5b66\u672f\u9700\u8981\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u30021.\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u66fe\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u5927\u529b\u6276\u6301\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4e0e\u6b27\u9646\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u5f97\u76ca\u5f70\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9c9c\u660e\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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Hastings\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ea4\u6d41\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u4eba\u6027\u4e0a\u7684\u6536\u83b7\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u4e0e\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5bf9\u7edf\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u76ca\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6b96\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u4f46\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6027\u683c\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u672f\u573a\u6240\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u521b\u9020\u8005\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u7684\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5370\u5ea6\u8d70\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u6b27\u7f8e\u6559\u80b2\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u63a5\u7eb3\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u521b\u9020\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u573a\u6240\u548c\u65e9\u671f\u52a8\u529b\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u8d44\u52a9\u5efa\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u5728\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u79d1\u5229\u00b7\u97e6\u5c14\u65af\u5229\uff08Richard Colley Wellesley\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7763\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u7684\u652f\u6301\u529b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8d44\u52a9\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e86\u5a01\u5ec9\u5821\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u5723\u4e54\u6cbb\u5821\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f4d\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u8d6b\u7279\u798f\u5fb7\u90e1\u7684\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u9662\uff08East India College\uff09\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u8fd8\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e13\u6b3e\u7528\u4e8e\u652f\u6301\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u7814\u7a76\u5370\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">1813\u5e74\uff0c\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u51b3\u5b9a\u6bcf\u5e74\u62e8\u51fa10\u4e07\u5362\u6bd4\u6765\u9f13\u52b1\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u5370\u5ea6\u6709\u5173\u7684\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u57281823\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u516c\u5171\u6307\u5bfc\u603b\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5316\u8bae\u9898\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u8d5e\u52a9\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u521b\u9020\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u5370\u5ea6\u6765\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4f46\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u5f88\u5feb\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u4e0e\u638c\u63e1\u5370\u5ea6\u8bed\u8a00\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e09\u7c7b\u5b66\u672f\u4ea7\u51fa\uff1a\u8bcd\u5178\u3001\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u60c5\u62a5\u3002\u6709\u5173\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u3001\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u8bed\u548c\u68b5\u8bed\u7b49\u4e1c\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e66\u7c4d\u548c\u8bcd\u5178\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u662f\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e5f\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u4e86\u89e3\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7a97\u53e3\u2014\u2014\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u672c\u662f\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u9996\u9009\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u7ecf\u5178\u7d27\u968f\u5176\u540e\uff0c\u7891\u6587\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u5217\u4e3a\u6700\u540e\u9009\u9879\uff1b<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5728\u8bcd\u5178\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u8ba4\u8bc6\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u7cbe\u7ec6\uff0c\u5e76\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6587\u672c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\u56fe\u8c31\u3002\u5176\u56db\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u6210\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u672f\u521b\u9020\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u542f\u8499\u8005\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u5730\u4eba\u53d7\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u5438\u5f15\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u7684\u62e5\u8db8\uff0c\u5176\u5b66\u672f\u601d\u8def\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u53d7\u5230\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u548c\u8303\u5f0f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u7814\u7a76\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u2014\u2014\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u743c\u65af\uff08William Jones\uff09\u3001\u68b5\u8bed\u5927\u5e08\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u79d1\u52d2\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\uff08Henry T. Colebrooke\uff09\u3001\u6587\u732e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7eb3\u6492\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u54c8\u5c14\u8d6b\u5fb7\uff08Nathaniel Halhed\uff09\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5bb6\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u65af\uff08Charles Wilkins\uff09\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u5a46\u7f57\u95e8\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u90e8\u7ecf\u5178\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u5b66\u672f\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\u8303\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u9650\u5236\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6587\u5316\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u90fd\u5bf9\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u82f1\u56fd\u5316\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u5728\u5f25\u5408\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9e3f\u6c9f\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u4e5f\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u8005\u201d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u957f\u671f\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u662f\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u4e9a\u6d32\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08Asiatic Society of Bengal\uff09\u548c\u5a01\u5ec9\u5821\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u743c\u65af\u7684\u68b5\u8bed\u8001\u5e08\u6f58\u8fea\u7279\u00b7\u62c9\u59c6\u6d1b\u660c\uff08Pandit Ramlochan\uff09\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u520a\u7269\u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08Asiatic Researches\uff09\u9996\u671f\u4e0a\u520a\u53d1\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5a46\u7f57\u95e8\u68b5\u8bed\u5b66\u8005\u62c9\u59c6\u00b7\u83ab\u6c57\u00b7\u7f57\u4f0a\uff08Ram Mohan Roy\uff09\u4e8e1816\u5e74\u521b\u7acb\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5b66\u9662\uff08Hindu College\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6559\u6388\u5370\u5730\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u3002\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u4e9a\u6d32\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u5b66\u8005\u6210\u5458\u6570\u91cf\u4e5f\u5728\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u52a0\uff1a1865\u5e74\uff0c\u5b66\u4f1a\u670952\u540d\u5370\u5ea6\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5176\u4f59324\u540d\u90fd\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\uff1b\u52301908\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u8005\u5360\u6bd4\u589e\u52a0\u523035%\uff0c\u4e3a146\u540d\uff0c\u800c\u6b27\u6d32\u6210\u5458\u4eba\u6570\u5219\u4e3a271\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">2.\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u540e\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u201d\u7279\u5f81\u5c3d\u7ba1\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u653f\u7b56\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u88ab\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u5316\u201d\u653f\u7b56\u5f7b\u5e95\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u66fe\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u534a\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8f89\u714c\uff0c\u5df2\u901a\u8fc7\u6b96\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f71\u54cd\u751a\u81f3\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u907f\u514d\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u5b66\u79d1\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u533a\u57df\u77e5\u8bc6\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u6e90\u81ea\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u8bdd\u8bed\u3002\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e1c\u65b9\u533a\u57df\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u505a\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u68b3\u7406\u548c\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u5370\u5ea6\u672c\u571f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u6b27\u7f8e\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u6316\u6398\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u521d\u5370\u5ea6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u81ea\u6211\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7d20\u6750\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5bf9\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9c9c\u660e\u5730\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u6587\u660e\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5b\u6559\u53f2\u7684\u6837\u8c8c\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u4ea4\u6d41\u53f2\u53ca\u4e2d\u5370\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6df1\u539a\u6e0a\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u82f1\u56fd\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u574e\u5b81\u5b89\uff08Alexander Cunningham\uff09\u7684\u8003\u53e4\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6316\u6398\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5b\u6559\u5386\u53f2\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff1b\u82f1\u56fd\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u5965\u96f7\u5c14\u00b7\u65af\u5766\u56e0\uff08Aurel Stein\uff09\u6cbf\u7740\u53e4\u4e1d\u7ef8\u4e4b\u8def\u7684\u4e09\u6b21\u63a2\u9669\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u6566\u714c\u77f3\u7a9f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u66fe\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u6587\u5316\u827a\u672f\u4ea4\u6d41\uff1b\u82f1\u56fd\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5bb6\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u6bd4\u5c14\uff08Samuel Beal\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u7384\u5958\u3001\u6cd5\u663e\u548c\u5b8b\u4e91\u53d6\u7ecf\u6c42\u6cd5\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u4f5b\u6559\u6587\u660e\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u72ec\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u504f\u91cd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u6587\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 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Eligibility Test\uff09\u7eb2\u8981\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd8\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5357\u4e9a\u548c\u5370\u592a\u3001\u4e2d\u4e9a\u897f\u4e9a\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u7f8e\u6d32\u7b49\u4e94\u5927\u533a\u57df\u7fa4\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8003\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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