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\u8fd9\u4e9b\u523b\u5728\u5ca9\u77f3\u4e0a\u7684\u94ed\u6587\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e86\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u5757\u5ca9\u77f3\u8bcf\u4e66\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u4e00\u4e9b\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u5982\u57c3\u53ca\u7684\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Ptolemy\uff09\u3001\u5317\u975e\u7684\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Alexander\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5927\u5e1d\uff09\u3001\u585e\u7409\u897f\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u5b89\u6761\u514b\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Antiochus\uff09\u3002\u8bcf\u4e66\u4e2d\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u5357\u90e8\u5230\u5e0c\u814a\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u7684\u5e7f\u5927\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4f5b\u6cd5\u90fd\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u80dc\u5229\uff08\u9053\u5fb7\u5f81\u670d\uff09\u3002\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u5ca9\u77f3\u8bcf\u4e66\u548c\u77f3\u67f1\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5730\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u5ca9\u77f3\u8bcf\u4e66\u5b9e\u7269\u7167\u7247\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u5ca9\u77f3\u8bcf\u4e66\u5ba3\u79f0\u5df2\u88ab\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5f81\u670d\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5ca9\u77f3\u8bcf\u4e66\u5728\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u6765\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u4e9b\u610f\u6deb\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5b\u6559\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u786e\u5b9e\u62b5\u8fbe\u8fc7\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u6e2f\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u5f92\u5893\u7891\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u88c5\u9970\u7740\u6cd5\u8f6e\u3002\u4f5b\u6559\u4ece\u6b64\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5374\u7531\u4e8e\u4f20\u64ad\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u793e\u533a\u65cf\u7fa4\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u59cb\u7ec8\u6ca1\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u79fb\u6c11\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u8fd8\u6d3e\u4eba\u56db\u5904\u641c\u96c6\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u820d\u5229\u548c\u9057\u7269\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u4f5b\u5854\u6765\u4f9b\u5949\u3002\u4f5b\u5854\u5728\u53e4\u6587\u732e\u91cc\u7684\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u7aa3\u5835\u5761\u201d\uff0c\u97f3\u8bd1\u81eaStupa\uff0c\u201c\u7aa3\u201d\u5ff5s\u016b\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u4f5b\u5854\u6700\u65e9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5893\u846c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4f5b\u5854\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5854\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5806\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5c01\u571f\uff0c\u957f\u5f97\u50cf\u575f\u58a9\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u575f\u58a9\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f5b\u5854\u7279\u522b\u6734\u5b9e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u5806\u5706\u9876\u5c01\u571f\u5916\u9762\u780c\u4e0a\u7816\u3002<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u4f5b\u5854\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u5c11\u4e86\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u9e7f\u91ce\u82d1\u3001\u6851\u5947\uff08Sanchi\uff09\u7b49\u4e2a\u522b\u4f5b\u6559\u5723\u5730\u80fd\u89c1\u5230\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4f60\u8981\u662f\u53bb\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u5012\u662f\u80fd\u89c1\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u4fee\u5b8c\u4f5b\u5854\u8fd8\u8981\u4fee\u5e26\u94ed\u6587\u7684\u77f3\u67f1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u9e7f\u91ce\u82d1\u77f3\u67f1\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u6210\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u56fd\u5fbd\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u6851\u5947\u5927\u4f5b\u5854\u524d\u539f\u6765\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u77f3\u67f1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u65b9\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u77f3\u67f1\u9020\u578b\u90fd\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u5982\u4eca\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u5fbd\u7684\u9e7f\u91ce\u82d1\u77f3\u67f1\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u65f6\u671f\u4f5b\u5854\u8003\u53e4\u53d1\u6398\u51fa\u7684\u4f5b\u9aa8\u820d\u5229\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u4f5b\u9640\u751f\u524d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u5317\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u90a6\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u5927\u540d\u9f0e\u9f0e\u7684\u83e9\u63d0\u4f3d\u8036\u3001\u90a3\u70c2\u9640\u3001\u7075\u9e6b\u5c71\u90fd\u5728\u8fd9\u513f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8bf4\u8d77\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u90a6\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u53ef\u8c13\u662f\u4e07\u4eba\u5acc\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u516c\u5f00\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u558a\u8bdd\uff1a\u54ce\uff0c\u522b\u4e89\u4e86\uff0c\u85cf\u5357\u7ed9\u4f60\u4eec\u5427\uff0c\u53ea\u6c42\u4f60\u4eec\u628a\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u4e00\u8d77\u5e26\u8d70\uff01\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u5bf9\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u7684\u5730\u57df\u6b67\u89c6\u6211\u90fd\u5f88\u96be\u627e\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u5f62\u5bb9\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\uff08Bihar\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u6b63\u662f\u5f97\u540d\u4e8eVihara\u2014\u2014\u68b5\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u7cbe\u820d\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u7cbe\u820d\uff0c\u591a\u5230\u8fde\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u90fd\u6539\u4e86\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5b\u6559\u706d\u7edd\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6bd4\u54c8\u5c14\u90fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u4ece\u65e0\u76f8\u5230\u7740\u76f8\u53ef\u60dc\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d\u4e0d\u5230\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u529f\u592b\u4fbf\u571f\u5d29\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5e87\u62a4\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6cd5\u96be\u3002\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u5dfd\u4f3d\u738b\u671d\uff08Shunga Empire\uff09\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u541b\u4e3b\u66fe\u8feb\u5bb3\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u590d\u5174\u5a46\u7f57\u95e8\u6559\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u672a\u6765\u5f80\u4e16\u4e66\u300b\uff08BhavishyaPurana\uff09\u4e2d\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u6740\u5149\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u56db\u767e\u4e07\u4f5b\u6559\u5f92\uff08\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u78b0\u5230\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u5b57\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u796d\u7940\uff08Yajnas\uff09\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8feb\u4f7f\u4f5b\u6559\u5411\u5916\u5bfb\u6c42\u5e87\u62a4\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u3001\u728d\u9640\u7f57\uff08Gandhara\uff09\u3001\u5927\u590f\u7b49\u4e2d\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u5f97\u4ee5\u660c\u76db\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2d\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5dfd\u4f3d\u738b\u671d\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5dfd\u4f3d\u738b\u671d\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u706d\u4f5b\uff0c\u6240\u5e78\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5f88\u5feb\u53c8\u4fe1\u56de\u4f5b\u6559\u4e86\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd8\u5bf9\u4f5b\u5854\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6269\u5efa\u6574\u4fee\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u6cd5\u96be\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u4e0d\u7b97\u7279\u522b\u4e25\u91cd\u3002\u5dfd\u4f3d\u738b\u671d\u7684\u56fd\u795a\u4e0d\u957f\uff0c\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5404\u65b9\u52bf\u529b\u89d2\u9010\uff0c\u738b\u671d\u9891\u7e41\u66f4\u66ff\u3002\u5728\u516c\u5143\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u4e9a\u7684\u8d35\u971c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08Kushan Empire\uff09\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u5370\u5ea6\u897f\u5317\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5e7f\u5927\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u65e9\u5e74\u5b9a\u90fd\u767d\u6c99\u74e6\uff08Peshawar\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5b9a\u90fd\u79e3\u83df\u7f57\uff08Mathura\uff0c\u5373\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u9a6c\u56fe\u62c9\uff09\u3002\u8d35\u971c\u738b\u671d\u5728\u5730\u7406\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u6b8a\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u7f55\u89c1\u5730\u628a\u5f00\u4f2f\u5c14\u57ad\u53e3\u5185\u5916\u533a\u57df\u540c\u65f6\u7eb3\u5165\u7248\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u521a\u624d\u8bb2\u5230\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u5f92\u7528\u4e8e\u907f\u96be\u7684\u728d\u9640\u7f57\u3001\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u8d35\u971c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u728d\u9640\u7f57\u5728\u4f5b\u6559\u827a\u672f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u582a\u79f0\u4e9a\u6d32\u53e4\u4ee3\u738b\u56fd\u4e2d\u7684\u5b8b\u5fbd\u5b97\uff0c\u627f\u524d\u542f\u540e\u7ee7\u5f80\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e9a\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u5708\u96be\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u827a\u672f\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u738b\u56fd\u6240\u5728\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4e9a\u6b27\u5927\u9646\u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u5341\u5b57\u8def\u53e3\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u5728\u6b64\u4ea4\u6d41\u78b0\u649e\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u98ce\u683c\u517c\u5bb9\u5e76\u84c4\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u6d3e\u3002\u53d7\u5e0c\u814a\u53e4\u5178\u96d5\u5851\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u728d\u9640\u7f57\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u9020\u50cf\u7b80\u76f4\u7f8e\u51fa\u5929\u9645\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u968b\u5510\u7684\u9020\u50cf\u827a\u672f\uff1b\u800c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u728d\u9640\u7f57\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u7684\u795e\u6765\u4e4b\u7b14\uff0c\u4f5b\u5854\u7ec8\u4e8e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u957f\u5f97\u50cf\u4e2a\u575f\u58a9\u4e86\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u827a\u672f\u7f8e\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4f5b\u9640\u5728\u4e16\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a\u8fc7\u53cd\u5bf9\u9020\u50cf\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u636e\u8bf4\u5199\u5728\u6212\u5f8b\u91cc\u9762\uff08\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u8d85\u8131\u53cd\u5bf9\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5199\u5165\u6212\u5f8b\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5c31\u5f88\u4e0d\u9760\u8c31\u4e86\uff09\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u4f5b\u9640\u5165\u706d\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u516d\u767e\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u66fe\u6709\u9020\u50cf\u3002\u6210\u4e66\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u4e8c\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u300a\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u4f20\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u8bb0\u8f7d\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u56e0\u4e3a\u8006\u90a3\u6559\u5f1f\u5b50\u9020\u50cf\u800c\u5c60\u6740\u8006\u90a3\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d\u3001\u5dfd\u4f3d\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8d35\u971c\u738b\u671d\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4f5b\u9640\u9020\u50cf\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u5927\u662d\u5bfa\u201c\u4f5b\u9640\u5728\u4e16\u65f6\u5019\u4eb2\u81ea\u5f00\u5149\u7684\u5341\u4e8c\u5c81\u7b49\u8eab\u50cf\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u8bdd\u672f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5b\u7ecf\u4e0a\u5173\u4e8e\u4f18\u586b\u738b\u601d\u5ff5\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u4f5b\u50cf\u8d77\u6e90\u6545\u4e8b\u66f4\u662f\u540e\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u53e3\u5f00\u6cb3\uff0c\u975e\u4f46\u52a0\u6df1\u4e0d\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u8ba9\u6211\u66f4\u52a0\u6000\u7591\u4f5b\u6559\u91cc\u7a76\u7adf\u6df7\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u79c1\u8d27\uff0c\u8bda\u7136\u53ef\u754f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f60\u5982\u679c\u8dd1\u5230\u59cb\u5efa\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6851\u5947\u5927\u4f5b\u5854\uff08Sanchi Stupa\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u90a3\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u4f5b\u6559\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u573a\u666f\u6d6e\u96d5\u91cc\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528\u83e9\u63d0\u6811\u3001\u6cd5\u8f6e\u3001\u4f5b\u5854\u3001\u6cd5\u5ea7\u3001\u8bb2\u7ecf\u77f3\u7b49\u8c61\u5f81\u5143\u7d20\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u8ddf\u73b0\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7981\u6b62\u63cf\u7ed8\u5851\u9020\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u5f62\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u6851\u5947\u5927\u4f5b\u5854\u6d6e\u96d5\u4e2d\u4f5b\u9640\u51fa\u57ce\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u9a6c\u8f66\u4e0a\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u628a\u4f1e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u540c\u4e00\u573a\u666f\u7684\u728d\u9640\u7f57\u98ce\u683c\u5c31\u628a\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u6851\u5947\u5927\u4f5b\u5854\u5173\u4e8e\u4f5b\u9640\u4f20\u6cd5\u7684\u6d6e\u96d5\uff0c\u7528\u6cd5\u5ea7\u548c\u6811\u8c61\u5f81\u4f5b\u9640\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u4f5b\u9640\u4f20\u6cd5\u7684\u728d\u9640\u7f57\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u6851\u5947\u5927\u4f5b\u5854\u8fd8\u4f1a\u7528\u6cd5\u8f6e\u8c61\u5f81\u4f5b\u9640\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53bb\u6851\u5947\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u6d6e\u96d5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u65e9\u671f\u4f5b\u6559\u77f3\u7a9f\u4e2d\u7528\u6765\u8c61\u5f81\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u4f5b\u5854\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u4ece\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u9020\u50cf\u827a\u672f\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u6b63\u597d\u8ddf\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u5174\u8d77\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9020\u50cf\u4e0e\u5927\u4e58\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u5927\u4e58\u7ecf\u5178\u4e2d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5207\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8d35\u971c\u5e1d\u56fd\u540c\u65f6\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u4ece\u4e2d\u4e9a\u5230\u897f\u5317\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u728d\u9640\u7f57\u548c\u79e3\u83df\u7f57\u8fd9\u4e24\u5927\u53e4\u4ee3\u9020\u50cf\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5f97\u4ee5\u5145\u5206\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u3001\u5b89\u606f\u4eba\u3001\u585e\u79cd\uff08Saka\uff09\u4eba\u90fd\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8d35\u971c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u5176\u7586\u57df\u66f4\u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a2a\u8de8\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u6240\u5fc5\u7136\u5177\u5907\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u91cd\u5851\u3002\u516c\u51431\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6a59\u8272\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e86\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\u7684\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\u5730\u533a\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u8d35\u971c\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\u8fd8\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4ef6\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u50e7\u56e2\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u96c6\u7ed3\uff08\u6709\u4e9b\u90e8\u6d3e\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u7684\u534e\u6c0f\u57ce\u96c6\u7ed3\uff0c\u5219\u5c06\u6b64\u6b21\u96c6\u7ed3\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u5357\u4f20\u7684\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u4f5b\u6559\u548c\u5317\u4f20\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u90e8\u4f5b\u6559\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f7b\u5e95\u5206\u9053\u626c\u9573\uff0c\u5357\u4f20\u4f5b\u6559\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\u96c6\u7ed3\uff0c\u5317\u4f20\u4f5b\u6559\u4e8c\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u671f\u5728\u514b\u4ec0\u7c73\u5c14\u96c6\u7ed3\uff0c\u4e24\u62e8\u4eba\u90fd\u5c06\u4f5b\u7ecf\u5f55\u5165\u6210\u4e86\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4f5b\u7ecf\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5316\u8d35\u971c\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u5448\u73b0\u6269\u5f20\u6001\u52bf\uff0c<\/h2>\n

\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4e9a\u548c\u5357\u4e9a\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u8499\u6627\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u3002\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8d35\u971c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5206\u88c2\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u5317\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u7b08\u591a\u738b\u671d\uff08Gupta Empire\uff09\u5174\u8d77\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u82f1\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5c06\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u738b\u671d\u80fd\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u201c\u5927\u4e00\u7edf\u201d\u3002\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u738b\u671d\u975e\u5e38\u63a5\u8fd1\u5927\u4e00\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u5357\u5370\u5ea6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u4f9d\u7136\u6ca1\u80fd\u7eb3\u5165\u7248\u56fe\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d\u548c\u7b08\u591a\u738b\u671d\u7edf\u4e00\u8fc7\u6574\u4e2a\u5317\u5370\u5ea6\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6052\u6cb3\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\uff09\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u738b\u671d\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\uff0c\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u2014\u2014\u6240\u4ee5\u7b08\u591a\u738b\u671d\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u5317\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u738b\u671d\u3002\u5317\u90e8\u662f\u7b08\u591a\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u5357\u90e8\u662f\u4f10\u4f3d\u9640\u52a0\u738b\u671d\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e09\u56fd\u548c\u660e\u672b\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5317\u534a\u7403\u5c0f\u51b0\u671f\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9876\u7ea7\u6700\u725b\u903c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u90fd\u662f\u7b08\u591a\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u300a\u7231\u7ecf\u300b\u300a\u6c99\u606d\u8fbe\u7f57\u300b\uff08\u68b5\u8bed\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5dc5\u5cf0\u4e4b\u4f5c\uff09\u3001\u300a\u7f57\u6469\u884d\u90a3\u300b\u548c\u300a\u6469\u8bc3\u5a46\u7f57\u591a\u300b\u90fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u4ee5\u6587\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\u963f\u65c3\u9640\u77f3\u7a9f\uff08Ajanta Caves\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f3\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u548c\u827e\u6d1b\u62c9\u77f3\u7a9f\uff08Ellora Caves\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u4e8e\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f3\u5341\u56db\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9876\u7ea7\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\uff08\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b08\u591a\u738b\u671d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4f10\u4f3d\u9640\u52a0\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u53cd\u6b63\u90fd\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\uff09\uff0c\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\u5929\u6587\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u51b6\u91d1\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u90fd\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u201c\u96f6\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u4f5b\u6559\u56db\u5927\u5723\u5730\u4e4b\u9996\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u83e9\u63d0\u4f3d\u8036\u7684\u91d1\u521a\u5ea7\uff08\u5854\u80cc\u540e\u5c31\u662f\u4f5b\u9640\u8bc1\u609f\u7684\u90a3\u68f5\u83e9\u63d0\u6811\uff09\uff0c\u59cb\u5efa\u4e8e\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u5efa\u7b51\u7ed3\u6784\u5b9a\u578b\u4e8e\u7b08\u591a\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u51e0\u65e0\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c\u4e00\u7247\u7834\u8d25\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u66fe\u7ecf\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u5b66\u672f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8d85\u6212\u5bfa\u5e9f\u589f\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7<\/p>\n

\u516d\u3001\u6050\u9f99\u4ece\u672a\u706d\u7edd\u8fc7\u4eba\u4eec\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6050\u9f99<\/h2>\n

\u57286500\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u90fd\u706d\u7edd\u4e86\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6050\u9f99\u6d3b\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6f14\u5316\u6210\u4e86\u9e1f\u7c7b\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u9910\u684c\u4e0a\u7684\u9e21\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u5370\u5ea6\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u94c1\u8e44\u4e0b\u706d\u7edd\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5c31\u50cf\u6050\u9f99\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u7247\u571f\u58e4\u4e0a\u6f14\u5316\u6210\u4e86\u522b\u7684\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u85cf\u4f20\u4f5b\u6559\u3002\u8bdd\u8bf4\u516c\u5143\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u6212\u65e5\u738b\u6b7b\u540e\u5978\u81e3\u593a\u6743\uff0c\u738b\u7384\u7b56\u5c06\u5176\u632b\u8d25\uff0c\u5374\u7ba1\u6740\u4e0d\u7ba1\u57cb\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6212\u65e5\u5e1d\u56fd\u9677\u5165\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u5410\u8543\u5e1d\u56fd\u5750\u6536\u6e14\u5229\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u5370\u5ea6\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u201c\u4e09\u56fd\u201d\u65f6\u671f\u2014\u2014\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684\u5e15\u62c9\u738b\u671d\uff08Pala Empire\uff09\uff0c\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u77bf\u6298\u7f57-\u666e\u814a\u8482\u54c8\u814a\u738b\u671d\uff08Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty\uff09\uff0c\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u7f57\u6e7f\u9640\u7f57\u62d8\u9640\u738b\u671d\uff08RashtrakutaDynasty\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4ed6\u82b1\u4e86\u4e00\u751f\u65f6\u95f4\u7814\u7a76\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4f5b\u6559\u624d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u4f5b\u6559\u548c\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6df7\u5165\u4e86\u592a\u591a\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f5b\u6559\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u79c1\u8d27\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u62d2\u7edd\u5e76\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5982\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u8f6e\u56de\u3001\u82e6\u4fee\u3001\u51a5\u60f3\u3001\u6d85\u69c3\u3001\u82e6\u96c6\u706d\u9053\u56db\u5723\u8c1b\uff0c\u5c06\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u91cd\u65b0\u8be0\u91ca\u4e3a\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u4e00\u5207\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u4e24\u5343\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u539f\u70b9\u2026\u2026\u65b0\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5b\u9640\u5851\u50cf\uff0c\u624b\u6367\u7740\u963f\u59c6\u500d\u4f3d\u5c14\u7684\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u4f9b\u5949\u7740\u963f\u59c6\u500d\u4f3d\u5c14\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300aThe Buddha and His Dhamma\u300b\uff08\u4f5b\u9640\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5b\u6cd5\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u6c34\u6587\u5b58\u201d\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u2026\u2026\u53ef\u5982\u4eca\u65e9\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n

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