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style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u5982\u679c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8fc1\u751f\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d145\u5e74\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u624d\u4e94\u5c81\uff0c\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u201c\u5c1a\u201d\u5728\u4e16\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u8bf4\u201cduring the lifetime of Ssu-ma Ch&#x27;ien\u201d\u4e5f\u65e0\u751a\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5207\u5165\u6cd5\u5bb6\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u672a\u53ca\u7eb5\u89c8\u5148\u79e6\u540d\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u7565\u8ff0\u300a\u5e84\u5b50\u300b\u4f46\u6742\u4e71\u65e0\u7ae0\uff0c\u8bf4\u300a\u7ba1\u5b50\u300b\u201c\u6709\u8da3\u201d\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u7f6e\u8bc4\uff0c\u5168\u7136\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u58a8\u5b50\u4e4b\u8bba\u201c\u7231\u201d\u201c\u4e49\u201d\u201c\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u77e5\u4f55\u4ee5\u6545\uff1f\u5018\u82e5\u878d\u4f1a\u8bf8\u5b50\uff0c\u517c\u8bfb\u767e\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7d27\u54ac\u5546\u9785\u3001\u97e9\u975e\u3001\u674e\u65af\u53ea\u8a00\u7247\u8bed\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u4fbf\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f97\u51fa\u201c\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7b80\u3001\u6d45\u3001\u663e\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u529b\u56fe\u5960\u5b9a\u201c\u65b0\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e\u65b0\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\uff08modi et ordini 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style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u56ca\u4e2d\u6709\u4e09\u6761\u5999\u8ba1\uff0c\u4f9d\u6b21\u800c\u884c\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u65e9\u5df2\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u590d\u8fd4\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin:1.8em 0 .75em;padding-left:12px;border-left:4px solid #2f5d9f;font-size:1.18em;line-height:1.55;font-weight:700;color:#14213d;\">\u4e03\u3001\u8bd1\u672c\u5927\u89c2\u56ed\u300a\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\u7acb\u8bba\u4e0d\u8db3\u53d6\uff0c\u4f46\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u756a\u8d21\u732e\uff1a<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6b64\u4e66\u5411\u8bfb\u8005\u5448\u73b0\u4e86\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4f5c\u5bb6\u4f9d\u8d56\u54ea\u4e9b\u82f1\u8bd1\u7248\u672c\u9605\u8bfb\u7ecf\u5178\u540d\u8457\u3002\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u6beb\u65e0\u6c49\u5b66\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4f46\u6c72\u53d6\u6d77\u5916\u6c49\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5982\u72c4\u767e\u745e\uff08Wm.Theodore de Bary\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u300b\u3001\u987e\u7acb\u96c5\uff08Herrlee G. Creel\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7533\u4e0d\u5bb3\u300b\u3001\u9c81\u60df\u4e00\uff08Michael Loewe\uff09\u7f16\u8457\u7684\u300a\u5251\u6865\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u7528\u529f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8c13\u4e0d\u52e4\u3002\u7eb5\u89c2\u4e66\u76ee\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u8bf8\u591a\u8bd1\u672c\u9887\u663e\u8001\u65e7\uff0c\u4f46\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0d\u4fd7\uff0c\u5982\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u7406\u96c5\u5404\uff08James Legge\uff09\u8bd1\u300a\u4e66\u7ecf\u300b\uff08\u597d\u5728\u662f1972\u5e74\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u82f1\u8bed\u4fee\u8ba2\u672c\uff0c\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u8fc7\u65f6\u592a\u751a\uff09\u3001\u8377\u5170\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u6234\u95fb\u8fbe\uff08J. J. L. Duyvendak\uff091928\u5e74\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u5546\u541b\u4e66\u300b\u30011929\u5e74\u6885\u8d3b\u5b9d\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u58a8\u5b50\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4e24\u79cd\u300a\u97e9\u975e\u5b50\u300b\u5206\u522b\u662f\u5ed6\u6587\u594e1930-1950\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u8bd1\u672c\u548c\u534e\u5179\u751f\uff08Burton Watson\uff091964\u5e74\u7684\u82f1\u8bd1\u3002\u5218\u6bbf\u72351970\u5e74\u4f01\u9e45\u7248\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\u3001\u534e\u5179\u751f1974\u5e74\u8bd1\u73ed\u56fa\u300a\u6c49\u4e66\u300b\u3001\u5218\u6bbf\u72351983\u5e74\u53ca\u9053\u68ee\uff08Raymond Dawson\uff091993\u5e74\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u8bd1\u672c\u5219\u66f4\u65b0\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7B.\u683c\u91cc\u83f2\u601d\uff08Samuel B. Griffith\uff09\u4e00\u5ea6\u7ea2\u904d\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u3001\u653f\u3001\u5546\u754c\u76841963\u5e74\u7248\u300a\u5b59\u5b50\u5175\u6cd5\u300b\u66fe\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u987e\u9889\u521a\u3001\u90ed\u6cab\u82e5\u7684\u6307\u70b9\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u4e5f\u6709\u5b89\u4e50\u54f2\uff08Roger T. Ames\uff091993\u5e74\u7684\u8bd1\u672c\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8bfb\u534e\u5179\u751f\u7684\u300a\u8340\u5b50\u300b\u8282\u8bd1\u672c\u548c\u738b\u5fd7\u6c11\uff08John Knoblock\uff09\u7684\u5168\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u534e\u6c0f1961\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u300b\u82f1\u8bd1\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u9664\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u845b\u745e\u6c49\uff08A. C. Graham\uff091981\u5e74\u4e03\u7bc7\u300a\u5185\u7bc7\u300b\u5916\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u76841968\u7248\u300a\u5e84\u5b50\u300b\u8bd1\u6587\u4ecd\u7136\u51fa\u81ea\u534e\u5179\u751f\u3002\u534e\u6c0f\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u7b80\u5355\u6613\u61c2\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u4f17\u6d45\u5c1d\u4e2d\u3001\u65e5\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e0d\u4e8c\u6377\u5f84\u3002\u636e\u6b64\u6cbb\u5b66\u56fa\u7136\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4f46\u5999\u601d\u5076\u53d1\u3001\u968f\u60f3\u6f2b\u8c08\u5219\u7ef0\u7ef0\u6709\u4f59\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5178\u7c4d\u7684\u82f1\u8bd1\u672c\u53cd\u5012\u95ee\u9898\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u4e861979\u5e74\u4f01\u9e45\u7248\u201c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5f88\u53ef\u60dc\uff0c\u67e5\u65e0\u6b64\u4e66\u3002\u540c\u5e74\u3001\u540c\u793e\u3001\u540c\u8bd1\u8005\uff0c\u5012\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u300b\u3002\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u660e\u660e\u662f\u626c\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u800c\u6291\u300a\u8bba\u674e\u7ef4\u300b\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u600e\u4e48\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u8001\u4eba\u5bb6\u624b\u91cc\uff0c\u6447\u8eab\u4e00\u53d8\u5374\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u5171\u548c\u201d\uff1f\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u4e2a\u201c\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u5f0f\u53e3\u8bef\u201d\u7f62\uff01<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4f01\u9e45\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u8bd1\u8457\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u5b66\u672f\u6027\u5dee\uff0c\u597d\u5728\u6ce2\u5229\u6bd4\u4e4c\u65af\u7814\u7a76\u4e13\u5bb6\u6c83\u5c14\u73ed\u514b\uff08F. W. Walbank\uff09\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u5c1a\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u4fee\u6614\u5e95\u5fb7\uff0c\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u96f7\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u534e\u5c14\u7eb3\uff08Rex Warner\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u7248\u300a\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u53f2\u300b\u4f20\u9500\u751a\u5e7f\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u6b20\u63a8\u6572\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9c\u53c2\u8be6\u30021937\u5e74\u8096\u91cc\uff08Paul Shorey\uff09\u7684\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u300a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u300b\u82f1\u8bd1\u672c\u867d\u7136\u9648\u65e7\u65e0\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f46\u54c8\u4f5b\u7248\u6613\u4e8e\u53c2\u8be6\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0d\u61c2\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u53c2\u8be6\u3002\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u4fe1\u7b14\u6240\u81f3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e32\u4e32\u4eba\u540d\u4e66\u540d\u6f2b\u5929\u82b1\u96e8\uff0c\u5e94\u63a5\u4e0d\u6687\uff1a\u8d6b\u897f\u4fc4\u5fb7\u300a\u795e\u8c31\u300b\u3001\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u300a\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u300b\u3001\u8499\u7530\u300a\u968f\u7b14\u300b\u3001\u62c9\u7f57\u4ec0\u5bcc\u79d1\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u7bb4\u8a00\u5f55\u300b\u3001\u72c4\u5fb7\u7f57\u300a\u9009\u96c6\u300b\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u300a\u6cd5\u54f2\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u4e00\u6982\u4f9d\u8d56\u82f1\u8bd1\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u6389\u4e66\u888b\u8bd1\u6587\u8db3\u77e3\uff0c\u4f46\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u4f5c\u8005\u63a2\u5fae\u539f\u8457\u3002\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u8bba\u8ff0\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff0c\u53ef\u5708\u53ef\u70b9\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u5171\u5f15\u516b\u79cd\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u66f4\u662f\u5bc6\u96c6\u63a2\u8ba8\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u6d6e\u4e8e\u8868\u9762\u3002\u7a76\u5176\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u603b\u4e0e\u65e0\u6cd5\u8131\u79bb\u8bd1\u6587\u6709\u5173\u3002\u66f4\u8981\u7d27\u7684\u662f\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u4eba\u516c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5e76\u65e0\u539f\u6587\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5168\u8d56\u5409\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\uff08Allan H. Gilbert\uff091965\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u9009\u96c6\u548c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\uff08Robert M. Adams\uff091981\u5e74\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd0\u7528\u6821\u52d8\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u8d77\u7801\u4eba\u7269\u540d\u5b57\u4e0d\u80fd\u6284\u9519\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5c45\u7136\u628a\u300a\u66fc\u9640\u7f57\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5973\u90ce\u201c\u5362\u514b\u857e\u4f73\u201d\uff08Lucrezia\uff09\u8bd1\u56de\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u201c\u5362\u514b\u857e\u63d0\u4e9a\u201d\uff08Lucretia\uff09\uff01<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u68b5\u5178\u6d69\u5982\u70df\u6d77\uff0c\u4f46\u51fa\u7c7b\u62d4\u8403\u7684\u82f1\u8bd1\u672c\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd0\u6c14\u4e5f\u4e0d\u574f\u3002\u591a\u5c3c\u683c\uff08Wendy Doniger\uff09\u5408\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u6469\u5974\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u591a\u53d7\u540c\u884c\u8bdf\u75c5\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8bb0\u5f97\u521d\u5b66\u65f6\u7528\u4e4b\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u987a\u624b\u3002\u68b5\u6587\u53f2\u8bd7\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4e00\u5e26\u800c\u8fc7\uff0c\u5f15\u7684\u662f1991\u5e74\u51fa\u9f50\u7684\u300a\u7f57\u6469\u884d\u90a3\u300b\u82f1\u8bd1\u672c\uff1a\u4f5c\u8005\u53ea\u5f55\u4e86\u7b2c<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u5377\uff0c\u6f0f\u6389\u4e86\u6208\u5fb7\u66fc\uff08Robert P. Goldman\uff09\u8bd1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u3002\u300a\u653f\u4e8b\u8bba\u300b\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7248\u672c\u51fa\u81ea\u5965\u5229\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Patrick Olivelle\uff09\u4e4b\u624b\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u7504\u9009\u7684\u5eb7\u683c\u52d2\uff08R.P. Kangle\uff09The Kau\u1e6dil\u012bya Artha\u015b\u0101stra\u5df2\u662f1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u7248\u672c\u3002\u5f88\u53ef\u60dc\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e66\u540d\u65f6\u6284\u9519\u4e09\u5904\uff1aThe Kautilya Artha\u015b\u0101tra\u3002\u8bba\u4e66\uff08\u015b\u0101stra\uff09\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5bcc\u8db3\u3001\u53cb\u5584\u3001\u8c26\u548c\u7684\u8d5e\u8bd7\uff08\u015b\u0101tra, s\u0101man\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u5473\u6df1\u957f\u7684\u5de7\u5408\uff0c\u55bb\u793a\u7740\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u66f4\u80dc\u4e00\u7b79\uff1f\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u5411\u8bfb\u8005\u5766\u627f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bfb\u4e66\u5f88\u591a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u6240\u6df1\u5165\u94bb\u7814\u7684\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4e0d\u6b62\u8fd9\u4e48\u51e0\u672c\u4e66\u201d\uff08238\u9875\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ee4\u6211\u4eec\u8083\u7136\u8d77\u656c\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.05em;\">\u89c2\u5176\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\uff0c\u539f\u8457\u7686\u662f\u82f1\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u4f17\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u6761\u76ee\u683c\u5f0f\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u7f3a\u5c11\u8bd1\u8005\u3001\u7f16\u8005\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5730\u70b9\u7b49\u5173\u952e\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u82db\u8d23\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0d\u61c2\u5916\u8bed\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u611f\u8c22\u4ed6\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e00\u5802\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53f2\u8bfe\u3002\u5728\u806a\u6167\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u957f\u5904\u548c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e00\u6837\u5bcc\u4e8e\u542f\u8fea\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin:1.8em 0 .75em;padding-left:12px;border-left:4px solid #2f5d9f;font-size:1.18em;line-height:1.55;font-weight:700;color:#14213d;\">\u516b\u3001\u5b66\u9662\u9ad8\u5899\u5185\u5916\u7684\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u5018\u82e5\u201c\u6210\u529f\u201d\u771f\u662f\u201c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u8861\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 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